mineral

Japanese: ミネラル
mineral
What are minerals?
Elements are the basic units that make up all substances. The human body is no exception and is made up of elements. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 95% of our body weight, and the remaining 5% is made up of about 20 types of elements called minerals. Minerals are inorganic substances. In nutrition, the elements necessary for life are called inorganic substances, or minerals.
Minerals play an important role as components of the body, forming bones and teeth, and becoming components of proteins and lipids. They also regulate biological functions, keeping the pH and osmotic pressure of blood and body fluids at normal levels, and are cofactors for enzymes and components of hormones. As only a small amount is needed, they are called micronutrients along with vitamins. Minerals are nutrients that cannot be synthesized in the body and must be ingested from outside.
<Types of minerals>
There are 15 types of minerals for which nutritional requirements have been established in each country. Of these, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chlorine are required in significant amounts, and in Japan, these elements are called essential elements or essential minerals, and we take in more than 100 mg of them every day from food. On the other hand, elements that are required in very small amounts are called trace essential elements or trace essential minerals, and these include copper, iron, chromium, manganese, molybdenum , selenium, zinc, iodine, and fluorine.
Currently in Japan, the required amount and tolerable upper intake limit have been established for 13 of the above minerals, excluding chlorine and sodium, which are treated as salt, and fluoride, for which there is a lack of data. Note that the types of minerals that need to be ingested vary depending on dietary habits, and are not the same in all countries.
Processed foods that disrupt mineral balance
Minerals are characterized by a narrow range between deficiency and excess, and the appropriate range. It is also known that taking in a large amount of a particular mineral can disrupt the balance with other minerals and actually harm health.
In the past, there were no problems with minerals as long as one ate a normal diet. Looking at the intake amounts, the intake of minerals, except for calcium, exceeded the required amount, and no serious mineral deficiency was reported apart from osteoporosis .
However, modern diets are said to be causing mineral imbalances and even potential deficiencies. One of the causes is the refining of food, which removes the mineral-rich parts. For example, refined sugar contains only 6.4% of the iron and only 0.7% of the calcium found in brown sugar.
Processed foods are also a big factor. They contain too much sodium due to their strong flavoring, and because food additives and soft drinks contain a lot of phosphate, they also contain too much phosphorus. In addition to the harmful effects of excess, taking calcium and phosphate together turns them into calcium phosphate, which is difficult to absorb, leading to calcium deficiency. The carbonation in carbonated drinks also inhibits calcium absorption.
Chronic mineral deficiency increases the risk of lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes and heart disease.
<Calcium, a mineral that is often lacking>
Although Japanese people eat more calcium than anyone else in the world, they are said to have the lowest calcium deficiency in their blood. This is due to the fact that many areas are covered with volcanic ash soil, which means that the soil is low in calcium, and because people consume a lot of calcium that is difficult to absorb, such as from the bones of small fish.
The body contains around 2% of calcium by weight, 99% of which is in the bones. The rest dissolves as ions in cells and blood serum , where it plays a role in transmitting nerve impulses, regulating cardiac muscle activity, calming the central nervous system and relieving stress.
It also prevents dementia caused by unnecessary aluminum entering brain cells.
When you are deficient in calcium, the calcium stored in your bones to keep the serum concentration constant starts to dissolve, leading to osteoporosis. You also become vulnerable to stress, irritable, and have trouble falling asleep.
Furthermore, a decrease in the amount of calcium within cells can lead to lifestyle-related diseases such as high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, and diabetes, and can also cause aging due to impaired cell function.
In terms of mineral balance, calcium absorption is highest when the calcium to phosphorus ratio is 2:1. However, due to the intake of processed foods, the ratio has now reversed to about 1:1.5. In addition, there is a complementary relationship between calcium and magnesium, where if one increases, the other decreases, so it is said that the calcium to magnesium ratio should be kept at 2:1.
<Iron deficiency anemia, common among young women>
The average iron intake exceeds the required amount. However, women up to their 40s tend to be deficient, and especially from adolescence to their 30s, only 80% of the required amount is met. This is because women lose a lot of iron through menstruation, and it is said that 5-10% of women in this age group suffer from iron deficiency anemia, and nearly half of them suffer from latent iron deficiency.
Iron is present in hemoglobin, the main component of red blood cells, and is involved in gas exchange. It also exists in muscles as myoglobin, where it is involved in oxygen transport and oxidation-reduction reactions in muscles. Nearly 30% of the iron in the body is stored in the liver and spleen to make up for any deficiencies, and iron has the property of being repeatedly used, so only a small amount is required. However, about 1 mg is excreted per day in urine and sweat, so a certain amount needs to be replenished every day to maintain the concentration of hemoglobin, which has a lifespan of 120 days.
A lack of iron causes the body to become oxygen-deprived, resulting in shortness of breath, palpitations , lethargy, loss of appetite, etc. Pica, the eating of chalk or dirt, is also related to iron deficiency.
<Mineral supplements>
Excessive intake of minerals can cause toxicity, so be careful not to take too much of any supplements other than those that are mainly composed of calcium and iron, which are in short supply. Also, iron preparations and supplements that contain a lot of iron often put a strain on the stomach and intestines, so people with weak stomachs should be careful.
Calcium is better absorbed when taken with vitamin D, so a type containing vitamin D3 is most effective. Dolomite has a magnesium to calcium ratio of 2:1. This is a natural mineral that formed when coral accumulated on the ocean floor in ancient times to form limestone, and some of the limestone replaced the magnesium in seawater. It is characterized by both high purity and absorption rate.
The absorption rate of iron is low, especially for non-heme iron found in plant-based foods, which is only about 5%. The absorption rate of non-heme iron increases when taken with vitamin C, so a type containing vitamin C is more efficient. On the other hand, heme iron, found in red meat and fish, has a high absorption rate of 23-35%, and there are products made from heme iron extracted from animal blood. In Europe and the United States, "protein iron" extracted from chicken eggs is the main product on the market to prevent blood-borne infections.
Even after symptoms improve with iron deficiency anemia, it is necessary to continue taking iron for several months to restore the body's reserves. Taking supplements is an effective way to do this.
<Required Mineral Intake Amounts and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (for Adults)>
The required amounts/tolerable upper intake amounts are shown below.
Calcium: Men = 550-650mg/2500mg, Women = 550mg/2500mg
Iron: Men = 6.0-6.5mg/50-55mg, Women = 8.5-9.0mg (5.0-5.5mg after menopause)/40mg
Phosphorus: Men = 1000mg/3000mg, Women = 800mg/3000mg
Magnesium: Men: 280-310 mg/-; Women: 230-240 mg/-
Potassium: Male = 2500mg/-, Female = 2000mg/-
・Copper Male=0.7mg/10mg, Female=0.6mg/10mg
・Iodine for both men and women = 95μg/3000μg
Manganese: Men = 4.0 mg/11 mg, Women = 3.5 mg/11 mg
Selenium: Male = 25μg/420~460μg, Female = 20μg/330~350μg
Zinc: Men: 10mg/40-45mg, Women: 6/35mg
Chromium: Male = 10μg/-, Female = 10μg/-
Molybdenum: Male = 20-25μg/550μg, Female = 20μg/450μg
The recommended daily intake of sodium is: Men: Less than 8.0g; Women: Less than 7.0g (salt equivalent)
From the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare's "Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2015 Edition"

mineral

Calcium (six major nutrients/minerals)
Iron (6 major nutrients/minerals)
Zinc (six major nutrients/minerals)
Magnesium (6 major nutrients/minerals)
Sodium (6 major nutrients/minerals)
Potassium (six major nutrients/minerals)
Phosphorus (6 major nutrients/minerals)
Copper (6 major nutrients/minerals)
Manganese (six major nutrients/minerals)
Iodine (one of six major nutrients/minerals)
Selenium (six major nutrients/minerals)

Source: Shogakukan Medical Museum of Food Information

Japanese:
〈ミネラルとはどんなもの?〉
 あらゆる物質をつくる基本単位が元素。人間の体も例外ではなく、元素からできています。体重の95%を酸素、炭素、水素、窒素(ちっそ)が占めますが、残りの5%がミネラルと呼ばれる約20種類もの元素なのです。ミネラルは英語で鉱物の意味で、無機物です。このうち生命維持に必要なものを栄養学では無機質、またはミネラルと呼んでいます。
 ミネラルは骨や歯などの骨格を形成し、たんぱく質や脂質の成分となるなど、体の構成部分として重要な役割をになっています。また血液や体液のpH(ピーエイチ)や浸透圧を正常に保つ生体機能調整、酵素の補助因子やホルモンの成分になる働きがあります。必要量はわずかなため、ビタミンとともに微量栄養素と呼ばれています。ミネラルは体内で合成されず、外部から摂取するしかない栄養素です。
〈ミネラルの種類〉
 各国で栄養所要量が定められているミネラルは15種類あります。そのうち、ある程度まとまった量が必要なものは、カルシウム、リン、マグネシウム、ナトリウム、カリウム、塩素で、日本では食品から毎日100mg以上を補給しているこれらを必須元素、または必須ミネラルと呼んでいます。一方、必要量がごくわずかなものを微量必須元素、または微量必須ミネラルと呼び、銅、鉄、クロム、マンガン、モリブデン、セレン、亜鉛(あえん)、ヨウ素、フッ素が該当します。
 現在日本では、前記のミネラルのうち、食塩として取り扱う塩素とナトリウム、また資料不足のフッ素を除いた13項目について所要量と許容上限摂取量が策定されています。なお、摂取の必要なミネラルの種類は食生活のちがいにより異なり、万国共通ではありません。
〈ミネラルバランスを乱す加工食品〉
 ミネラルは欠乏症と過剰症の幅、適正な範囲が狭いのが特徴です。また特定のミネラルを多くとると、他のミネラルとのバランスを乱し、かえって健康をそこなうことも知られています。
 従来はふつうの食事をしているかぎりミネラルに関して問題はありませんでした。摂取量をみると、カルシウムを除いたミネラルは所要量を上回り、骨粗鬆症(こつそしょうしょう)以外にきわだったミネラル欠乏症もとりざたされていません。
 しかし現代の食生活は、ミネラルバランスの乱れ、ひいては潜在的な欠乏症のおそれがあるといわれています。原因の1つは食品の精製で、ミネラルを多く含む部分を取り除いていることです。たとえば精製砂糖に含まれる鉄は黒砂糖の6.4%、カルシウムにいたってはわずか0.7%しかありません。
 加工食品も大きな要因です。濃い味付けのためナトリウム過剰になるうえ、食品添加物や清涼飲料水にはリン酸が多く使用されるので、リン過剰にもなります。過剰による弊害のほかに、カルシウムとリン酸をいっしょにとると、吸収されにくいリン酸カルシウムになってしまい、カルシウム不足をまねきます。また、炭酸飲料の炭酸もカルシウムの吸収を阻害します。
 慢性的なミネラル不足は糖尿病や心疾患など、生活習慣病のリスクを高めます。
〈不足がちのミネラル、カルシウム〉
 日本人は世界一カルシウムをたくさん食べていながら、血液中のカルシウムは世界一不足しているといわれます。その原因は火山灰土におおわれた地域が多く、土壌のカルシウムが少ないことと、小魚の骨など吸収されにくいカルシウムを多くとっていることなどです。
 体内には体重の2%前後のカルシウムがあり、その99%は骨の成分です。残りは細胞内と、血清中(けっせいちゅう)にイオンとして溶け込み、神経刺激の伝達、心筋の運動調整、中枢神経を鎮めてストレスを緩和させるなどの働きをします。
 また脳細胞内に不要なアルミニウムが入って起こる認知症を予防します。
 カルシウムが不足すると、血清中の濃度を一定に保つために骨に蓄えられたカルシウムが溶けだし、骨粗鬆症になります。ストレスに弱くなり、イライラしたり寝つきが悪くなったりもします。
 さらに細胞内のカルシウム量が減ると、高血圧、動脈硬化や糖尿病などの生活習慣病の原因となり、細胞の機能低下による老化も起こります。
 ミネラルバランスのうえから、もっともカルシウムの吸収率が高いのがカルシウムとリンとの比率が2対1のときです。しかし加工食品の摂取などで、現在は逆転して1対1.5くらいになっています。またマグネシウムとでは、一方がふえれば一方が減るという相補関係があり、カルシウムとマグネシウムの比率を2対1に保つよういわれています。
〈若い女性に多い鉄欠乏性貧血〉
 鉄の摂取量は、平均では所要量を上回っています。しかし40歳代までの女性は不足ぎみで、とくに思春期から30歳代までは所要量の8割強しか充足していません。女性は月経により鉄の喪失が多くなるためで、この年代の女性の5~10%が鉄欠乏性貧血、さらに潜在性鉄欠乏は半数近くにものぼるといわれています。
 鉄は赤血球の主成分ヘモグロビンに存在し、ガス交換を行うほか、筋肉中にミオグロビンというかたちで存在して、筋肉中の酸素運搬や酸化・還元反応にも関与しています。体内の鉄の3割近くは肝臓や脾臓(ひぞう)に貯蔵されて不足分を補いますし、鉄はくり返し利用される性質があるので、所要量は微量ですみます。しかし尿や汗で1日1mg程度は排出されるので、寿命が120日のヘモグロビンの濃度を保つために、毎日一定量を補給する必要があります。
 鉄が不足すると体が酸欠状態になり、息切れや動悸(どうき)、無力感、食欲不振などになります。チョークや土などを食べる異食症も鉄欠乏と関係があります。
〈ミネラルのサプリメント〉
 ミネラルは過剰摂取すると中毒症を起こすので、不足ぎみのカルシウムと鉄を主体としたもの以外のサプリメントは、過剰にとらないように注意しましょう。また、鉄製剤や鉄を多く含むサプリメントは胃腸に負担になることが多いので、胃弱の人は注意が必要です。
 カルシウムはビタミンDといっしょにとると吸収がよくなるので、ビタミンD3を配合したタイプが効率的です。マグネシウムとの比率が2対1のものがドロマイトです。これは太古、サンゴが海底に堆積して石灰岩を形成したのち、その一部が海水中のマグネシウムと置き換わった天然の鉱物で、純度・吸収率ともに高いのが特徴です。
 鉄の吸収率は低く、とくに植物性食品に含まれる非ヘム鉄の吸収率は5%ほどです。非ヘム鉄はビタミンCをいっしょにとると吸収率がアップするので、ビタミンC配合のタイプが効率的です。一方、赤身の肉や魚に多いヘム鉄は吸収率が23~35%と高いため、このヘム鉄を動物の血液から抽出した製品があります。欧米では血液由来の感染症を未然に防ぐため、鶏卵(けいらん)から抽出した「たんぱく鉄」がおもに出回っています。
 鉄欠乏性貧血では、症状が改善したあとでも体内の貯蔵分を回復させるため、数か月は鉄を補給する必要があります。それにはサプリメントの活用が有効です。
〈ミネラルの所要量と許容上限摂取量(成人の場合)〉
以下、所要量/許容上限摂取量を示します。
・カルシウム 男=550~650mg/2500mg、女=550mg/2500mg
・鉄 男=6.0~6.5mg/50~55mg、女=8.5~9.0mg(閉経後は5.0~5.5mg)/40mg
・リン 男=1000mg/3000mg、女=800mg/3000mg
・マグネシウム 男=280~310mg/―、女=230~240mg/―
・カリウム 男=2500mg/―、女=2000mg/―
・銅 男=0.7mg/10mg、女=0.6mg/10mg
・ヨウ素 男女とも=95μg/3000μg
・マンガン 男=4.0mg/11mg、女=3.5mg/11mg
・セレン 男=25μg/420~460μg、女=20μg/330~350μg
・亜鉛 男=10mg/40~45mg、女=6/35mg
・クロム 男=10μg/―、女=10μg/―
・モリブデン 男=20~25μg/550μg、女=20μg/450μg
ナトリウムは1日の目標摂取量 男=8.0g未満、女=7.0g未満(食塩当量)
厚生労働省「日本人の食事摂取基準2015年版」より

ミネラル

カルシウム(6大栄養素/ミネラル類)
鉄(6大栄養素/ミネラル類)
亜鉛(6大栄養素/ミネラル類)
マグネシウム(6大栄養素/ミネラル類)
ナトリウム(6大栄養素/ミネラル類)
カリウム(6大栄養素/ミネラル類)
リン(6大栄養素/ミネラル類)
銅(6大栄養素/ミネラル類)
マンガン(6大栄養素/ミネラル類)
ヨウ素(ヨード)(6大栄養素/ミネラル類)
セレン(6大栄養素/ミネラル類)

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