Austrian economist. After graduating from the University of Vienna, he became a professor at the same university and at the Institute of Advanced International Studies in Geneva before moving to the United States, where he served as a researcher at the National Economic Research Council and a visiting professor at New York University. He became a naturalized American in 1947. In his early monetary theory, he followed the Austrian school and considered money to be a general means of exchange. Furthermore, influenced by K. Wicksell and others, he developed a monetary economic theory that economic fluctuations are caused by the deviation between the natural interest rate and the monetary interest rate due to credit creation by banks. He argued that a gold standard should be adopted to eliminate arbitrary credit creation by banks and stabilize the value of money. Ideologically, he believed in liberalism, and believed that rational operation of the economy is possible only through private property and a market mechanism in which prices are the basis for rational economic calculations, and he is also known for arguing that socialism based on arbitrary economic control is impossible because it does not have the rationality of such a price mechanism. His analysis of the market process based on introspective human action is highly regarded as a pioneering achievement of the Neo-Austrian School. His main works include "Theory of Money and Means of Circulation" (1912), "Cooperative Economy: Studies on Socialism" (1922), and "Human Action: A Treatise on Economics" (1949). [Akira Shida] "Theory of Money and Means of Circulation" (translated by Higashibeiyu) (1980, Nihon Keizai Hyoronsha) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
オーストリア出身の経済学者。ウィーン大学を卒業して、同大学教授、ジュネーブの高等国際研究所教授を経て渡米し、全国経済調査会研究員、ニューヨーク大学客員教授などを歴任した。1947年にアメリカに帰化。その初期の貨幣理論では、オーストリア学派の流れをくみ、貨幣を一般的交換手段としてとらえ、さらにK・ウィクセルなどの影響から、銀行の信用創造による自然利子率と貨幣利子率の背離が景気変動をもたらすという貨幣的景気論を展開し、銀行の恣意(しい)的な信用創造を排して貨幣価値を安定するために、金本位制をとるべきことを主張した。思想的には自由主義を信奉し、私有財産制と、価格が合理的な経済計算の基礎になる市場機構とを通じてのみ、経済の合理的な運営が可能になるとし、恣意的な経済統制に基づく社会主義は、そのような価格機構による合理性をもたないために不可能であると論じたことでも知られている。また、内省的な人間行為に基礎を置く市場過程の分析は、新オーストリア学派の先駆的な業績として高く評価されている。おもな著書には、『貨幣および流通手段の理論』Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel(1912)、『共同経済――社会主義研究』Die Gemeinwirtschaft : Untersuchungen über den Sozialismus(1922)、『人間行為論』Human Action : A Treatise on Economics(1949)などがある。 [志田 明] 『東米雄訳『貨幣及び流通手段の理論』(1980・日本経済評論社)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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