A person who has not yet reached the age of majority (20 years of age) (Civil Code, Article 4). Because their physical and mental development is not sufficient and they lack or do not have sufficient ability to make judgments, they are limited in their ability to enter into contracts and other legal acts (persons with limited legal capacity) under private law, and have a guardian called a legal representative (a person with parental authority, or, in their absence, a guardian of the minor). In principle, contracts and other legal acts must be entered into on behalf of the minor by a legal representative (Civil Code, Article 824), or if the minor enters into them themselves, the consent of the legal representative is required, and legal acts performed without consent can be revoked (Civil Code, Article 5). When a minor marries, he or she is considered to have reached the age of majority (Civil Code, Article 753), and so there is no longer any legal representative. This is called fictitious adulthood. A minor may also perform legal acts without the consent of a legal representative in the following cases: (1) An act that merely acquires a right (for example, receiving a gift) or relieves an obligation (for example, revoking a gift) (Civil Code, Article 5, Paragraph 1, proviso). (2) Disposal of property permitted for which the purpose of use is specified (for example, travel) and disposition of property permitted for which the purpose of use is not specified (for example, pocket money) (Article 5, paragraph 3 of the same Act). (3) If a minor is permitted to carry on one or more types of business, he or she will be considered an adult with respect to that business (Article 6, Paragraph 1 of the same Law), and the power of representation of the legal representative will be limited to that extent. (4) A legal representative may not enter into a labor contract on behalf of a minor (Article 58 of the Labor Standards Act). A minor may independently request wages, and a legal representative may not receive wages on behalf of a minor (Article 59 of the same Act). The capacity of minors to perform acts related to their personal status is determined on an individual basis. For example, parents' consent is required to marry (Civil Code Article 737), and those who have reached the age of 15 can make a will (Civil Code Article 961). In principle, minors can only bring civil cases through their legal representatives, and cannot do so alone (Civil Procedure Act, Article 31). However, minors can bring cases without the consent of their legal representatives in cases of invalidity or annulment of marriage, divorce, parent-child relationships, etc. Furthermore, minors are not liable for damages for torts if they do not have sufficient intelligence to understand responsibility (usually considered to be under the age of 12 or 13) (Civil Code, Article 712). In principle, minors under the age of 14 cannot be punished in criminal cases (referred to as criminal minors - Penal Code, Article 41), but minors (= juveniles) are subject to the Juvenile Law. Furthermore, the right to vote is held by anyone who has been 20 years of age or older (Article 9 of the Public Offices Election Act). [Takayoshi Ito] The Act to Partially Amend the Public Offices Election Act (Act No. 43 of 2015), enacted in June 2015, changed the voting age for public office elections from 20 years old to 18 years old. The revised law went into effect on June 19, 2016. [Editorial Department] "Takashi Uchida, Civil Law I, 4th Edition, General Provisions and General Theory of Property Rights" (2008, University of Tokyo Press) [Reference] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
成年(満20年)に達しない者(民法4条)。心身の発育が十分でなく、物事を判断する能力に欠けるか十分でないので、私法上、契約その他の法律行為をする能力(行為能力)の制限を受ける者(制限行為能力者)として、法定代理人(親権者、それがいないときは未成年後見人)という保護者を置いている。契約その他の法律行為は、原則として、法定代理人が未成年者にかわってするか(同法824条)、未成年者が自分でする場合には法定代理人の同意を必要とし、同意を得ないでした法律行為は取り消すことができる(同法5条)。未成年者が婚姻をすると成年に達したものとみなされるので(同法753条)、法定代理人もなくなる。これを成年擬制という。 未成年者も次の場合には法定代理人の同意なくして法律行為をすることができる。 (1)単に権利を得るだけの行為(たとえば贈与を受ける)や義務を免れる行為(たとえば贈与を取り消す)(民法5条1項但書)。 (2)使用目的(たとえば旅行)を定めて処分を許された財産の処分や、使用目的を定めないで処分を許された財産(たとえば小遣い銭)の処分(同法5条3項)。 (3)1種または数種の営業を許された場合には、未成年者はその営業に関しては成年者とみなされ(同法6条1項)、その範囲で法定代理人の代理権も制限される。 (4)労働契約については、法定代理人が未成年者にかわって締結することはできない(労働基準法58条)。未成年者は独立して賃金を請求することができ、法定代理人が未成年者にかわって賃金を受け取ることはできない(同法59条)。 身分上の行為については、未成年者の能力は個々に定められている。たとえば、婚姻をするには父母の同意を必要とし(民法737条)、満15歳に達した者は遺言をすることができる(同法961条)。 民事の訴訟行為については、未成年者は原則として法定代理人によってのみ行うことができ、単独ではなしえない(民事訴訟法31条)。ただし、婚姻の無効・取消し、離婚、親子関係などの事件では法定代理人の同意なしに訴訟行為をすることができる。なお不法行為の損害賠償責任については、未成年者が責任を弁識するに足りる知能を備えていなかったとき(通常12、3歳以下と考えられている)は未成年者自身は責任を負わない(民法712条)。刑事事件については、原則として、14歳未満の者は罰せられない(刑事未成年という――刑法41条)が、未成年者(=少年)は少年法の適用を受ける。 また選挙権については、満20年以上の者が有する(公職選挙法9条)。 [伊藤高義] 2015年(平成27)6月に成立した「公職選挙法等の一部を改正する法律」(平成27年法律第43号)により、公職の選挙の選挙権を有する者の年齢について、満20年以上から満18年以上に改められた。改正法の施行は2016年6月19日。 [編集部] 『内田貴著『民法Ⅰ 第4版 総則・物権総論』(2008・東京大学出版会)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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