A very gentle convection of mantle material caused by temperature differences in the mantle inside the Earth. There are several theories on the cause of convection and its scale. Mantle convection was proposed by Arthur Holmes in 1929 as a cause of continental drift (→ continental drift theory) and mountain building. Ridge systems such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are the outlets of mantle convection, and the oceanic crust moves like a conveyor belt on the mantle convection, which was thought to be the cause of continental drift and ocean floor spreading (→ ocean floor spreading theory). Since around 1970, when plate tectonics became generally established as the basic idea of earth science, the idea that mantle convection is caused by an imbalance in the density distribution of the Earth's surface caused by the subduction of oceanic plates has become popular. According to this theory, it was thought that at oceanic ridges, oceanic plates move toward both sides, so mantle material passively rises to fill the gap. Furthermore, since the 1990s, as the three-dimensional heterogeneity of seismic wave velocities in the mantle has become clear, it has been proposed that large masses of mantle material move upward and downward. These masses are called plumes, and it was thought that warm plumes rise from the boundary with the core, while cold plumes descend from the upper mantle to the lower mantle. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
地球内部のマントル中の温度差によって引き起こされる,マントル物質のきわめてゆるやかな対流。対流が生じる原因や対流の規模にはいくつかの説がある。マントル対流は大陸移動(→大陸移動説)や造山運動の原因として,1929年アーサー・ホームズによって提唱された。大西洋中央海嶺などの海嶺系はマントル対流の湧出口にあたり,海洋地殻はマントル対流に乗ってベルトコンベヤのように移動し,これが大陸移動,海洋底拡大 (→海洋底拡大説)の原因と考えられた。プレートテクトニクスが地球科学の基軸となる考え方として一般的に定着した 1970年頃以降は,マントル対流は海洋プレートの沈み込みによって生じる地球表層の密度分布の不均衡によって引き起こされるという考えが有力になった。これによれば海嶺では海洋プレートは両側に向かって移動するので,マントル物質はそのすきまを埋めるため受動的に上昇してくると考えられた。さらに 1990年代以降,マントル内の地震波速度の 3次元的な不均質が明らかになるにつれて,マントル物質が大規模な塊となって上昇したり降下したりする動きが提唱された。この塊はプリュームと呼ばれ,暖かいプリュームが核との境界付近からわき上がり,一方冷たいプリュームはマントル上部から下部マントルへ降下すると考えられた。
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