A powerful Hindu sect that worships Shiva as the supreme deity, it is thought to have taken a clear form around the 5th century. In the Vedic period, Shiva was a god with a weak personality, but as he was assimilated with the indigenous religions of various regions, he came to be regarded as the god who rules over the world, and especially as a fearsome god who destroys the world. Furthermore, various earth goddesses were incorporated as Shiva's wives, and Shiva came to be worshiped as the male sexual organ (linga) and his wife as sexual power (shakti). Philosophically, it is generally closely linked to the Samkhya school, which preaches the dualism of pure spirit and fundamental matter, as well as the Nyaya school and Vaisheshika school, which preach the dualism of pure spirit and fundamental matter, and the supreme deity of the world is the efficient cause rather than the material cause. Its important branches are as follows: [Keiichi Miyamoto] Branch(1) Sacred Scripture Shaivism This sect believes in sacred texts called Agamas, and flourished especially in the Tamil region of South India. According to this sect, the world consists of three principles: the Lord (pati), cattle (beasts, pashu), and ropes (parsha). The Lord is the Supreme Being Shiva, the cattle are the individual self, and the ropes are non-spiritual matter. It is said that the individual self can acquire supernatural powers and liberation through the grace of Shiva, becoming equal to Shiva himself. (2) Kashmir Shaivism This sect, which flourished mainly in the Kashmir region, is also known as Trika. Originally, it seems that they believed in the same scriptures as the Shaivism, but after Basgupta wrote the Shiva Sutra in the 9th century, they strengthened their inclination towards non-dualism and developed their own theology. According to this sect, liberation is nothing other than eliminating ignorance and re-recognizing that one is originally the same as the god Shiva. For this reason, they are also known as the re-recognition sect. (3) Pashupata (Lord of Beasts) sect Its founder was Lakrisha (date unknown). He is said to be an incarnation of Shiva and to have written the fundamental scripture of this sect, the Pashupata Sutra. This sect has five principles: cause (Shiva), effect (individual self), yoga (union of Shiva and the individual self), ritual (ascetic practice), and cessation of suffering. (4) Shakti (sexual power) sect: This sect believed in the sacred texts known as Tantra. They developed a unique theory of the body cosmology and advocated a method of awakening and raising the snake-shaped Shakti (also the consort of Shiva) called Kundalini, which resides in the perineum, and merging it with the Lord Shiva, who resides on the top of the head. (5) Rasesvara (Mercury) Sect According to this sect, mercury is an elixir of immortality that was born from the union of Lord Shiva and his consort, and by taking this elixir, making the body composed of mercury, and practicing yoga, a person can attain liberation while still alive. (6) Lingayata, also known as the Veera-Shiva sect. Founded by Basava (12th century), it spread especially in the Karnataka region. It always carried a linga, a symbol of Shiva, and placed great importance on the grace of God. It rejected the caste system and abolished external rituals such as idol worship and pilgrimages. (7) Kapalikas They practiced a unique training method, such as stringing together human skulls (kapalas) to decorate the head and neck. The practitioners of this sect were also seen by Xuanzang, who traveled to India to study in the 7th century. They also frequently appear in medieval Sanskrit plays. [Keiichi Miyamoto] "The Religions of India (The Melting Pot of Religions)" by Tsuneo Kuroyanagi and Hisaya Doi (included in "The History of Asian Buddhism, India Volume V," edited by Hajime Nakamura et al., 1973, Kosei Publishing)" ▽ "Hinduism: The Religion of Vishnu and Shiva" by R. G. Bhandarkar, translated by Iwa Shima and Kentaro Ikeda (1985, Serika Shobo)" ▽ "Hinduism" by Madhu Bazas Wang, translated by Yasuji Yamaguchi (2004, Seidosha)" ▽ "Hinduism: The Mystery of India" by Hiroshi Yamashita (2004, Kodansha)" [References] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
シバ神を最高神として崇拝するヒンドゥー教の有力な一派で、5世紀ころに明確な形をなしたと考えられている。ベーダ時代にはシバは個性の弱い神であったが、やがて諸地方の土着の宗教と習合を重ねるにしたがい、世界を主宰する神、とくには世界を破壊する恐るべき神とされるようになった。また、各地の地母神もシバ神妃として取り込まれるに至り、シバは男性性器(リンガ)、その神妃は性力(シャクティ)として崇拝されるようになった。哲学的には、純粋精神と根本物質の二元論を説くサーンキヤ学派、また、世界の最高主宰神は質料因ではなく動力因であると説くニヤーヤ学派、バイシェーシカ学派との結び付きが一般に強い。その重要な支派は以下のとおりである。 [宮元啓一] 支派(1)聖典シバ派 アーガマと称せられる聖典を信奉し、とくに南インドのタミル地方で栄えた。この派によれば、世界は主(パティ)、家畜(獣、パシュ)、索縄(さくじょう)(パーシャ)の3原理よりなる。主とは最高神たるシバ神、家畜とは個我、索縄とは非精神的な物質のことである。個我はシバ神の恩寵(おんちょう)によって神通力(じんずうりき)、解脱(げだつ)を得てシバ神そのものと同等になるという。 (2)カシミール・シバ派 カシミール地方を中心に栄えたこの派は、トリカとも称せられる。もとは聖典シバ派と同じ聖典を信奉していたようだが、9世紀にバスグプタが『シバ・スートラ』を著してから、不二一元(ふにいちげん)論の傾向を強め、独自の神学が形成された。この派によれば、解脱とは、無知を滅ぼし、自らが本来シバ神と同一であることを再認識することにほかならないという。そこで、再認識派とも称せられる。 (3)パーシュパタ(獣主)派 ラクリーシャ(年代不明)を開祖とする。彼はシバ神の化身であり、この派の根本経典『パーシュパタスートラ』を著したと伝えられる。この派では、原因(シバ神)、結果(個我)、ヨーガ(シバ神と個我の合一)、儀軌(ぎき)(修行法)、苦の終息の五つの原理がたてられる。 (4)シャクティ(性力)派 タントラと称せられる聖典を信奉する一派。独特の身体宇宙論を展開し、会陰(えいん)あたりに住まうクンダリニーという蛇の形をしたシャクティ(シバ神妃でもある)を覚醒(かくせい)、上昇させ、頭頂に住まうシバ神と合体させる修行法などを主張した。 (5)ラセーシュバラ(水銀)派 この派によれば、水銀はシバ神とその妃との結合から生じた不老不死の霊薬であり、これを服用し、身体を水銀所成にし、ヨーガを修することで、人は生前解脱に達するという。 (6)リンガーヤタ派 別名ビーラ・シバ派。バサバ(12世紀)を開祖とし、とくにカルナータカ地方に広まった。シバ神の象徴であるリンガをつねに携帯し、神の恩寵を重視し、カースト制度を否定し、偶像崇拝や巡礼など、外的な儀礼を廃止した。 (7)カーパーリカ派 人間の髑髏(どくろ)(カパーラ)を連ねて頭や首の飾りにするといった、独特の修行法を奉じた。この派の修行者は、7世紀にインドに遊学した玄奘(げんじょう)も目撃している。また、中世のサンスクリット語の戯曲にも、彼らはしばしば登場する。 [宮元啓一] 『黒柳恒男・土井久弥著『インドの諸宗教〈宗教のるつぼ〉』(中村元他編『アジア仏教史 インド編Ⅴ』所収・1973・佼成出版社)』▽『R・G・バンダルカル著、島岩・池田健太郎訳『ヒンドゥー教――ヴィシュヌとシヴァの宗教』(1985・せりか書房)』▽『マドゥ・バザーズ・ワング著、山口泰司訳『ヒンドゥー教』(2004・青土社)』▽『山下博司著『ヒンドゥー教――インドという“謎”』(2004・講談社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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