Sui

Japanese: 隋 - ずい

A Chinese dynasty (581-618). It conquered the Southern Dynasty of Chen, putting an end to the political conflict between the north and the south that had existed since the 4th century, and tried to expand its influence around China, but it was short-lived. The name of the Sui dynasty comes from the fact that its founder, Yang Jian (later Emperor Wen), was the Duke of Sui. The common belief is that the character 辶 was removed from the character 辶 in the hope of stabilizing the government, as it sounds similar to the character 辶 (run), but the character 辶 is still used on inscriptions and other writings from that time.

[Michio Tanigawa]

Rise of the Sui Dynasty

The Sui Imperial Family, Yang, claims to be from Hongnong County (Lingbao County, Henan Province), a famous family since the Han Dynasty, but the authenticity of this is unclear. According to reliable records, their ancestors were soldiers who were involved in border defense in Wuchuan Town (now north of Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region) on the northern edge of the Great Wall during the Northern Wei Dynasty, and their intermarriage suggests that they had a lot of non-Han blood. Yang Jian's father, Zhong, founded the Western Wei government together with Yuwen Tai and others, and served as the general of the 24th Army, which was the origin of the Fubin system. Jian was born in 541 and pursued a career in the Northern Zhou government, befitting the son of a warrior aristocrat, and became the commander of the Imperial Guard. His eldest daughter became the empress of Emperor Xuan of the Northern Zhou Dynasty (Yuwen Bin), and during the reign of Emperor Xuan, he held a key position as an in-law. When the tyrant Emperor Xuan died, a group of close bureaucrats forged a will and imperial decree and appointed Jian as guardian of the young emperor. Jian then became prime minister, suppressed an uprising by opponents, and founded the Sui Dynasty.

[Michio Tanigawa]

Politics of Kaihuang

Emperor Wen's reign consists of two era names: Kaihuang (581-600) and Renshou (601-604). During the Kaihuang period, he placed great importance on famous ministers such as Gao Xi and Su Wei, and Emperor Wen himself was diligent in politics, so the reign was well-governed and is known as the Kaihuang period. During this period, he implemented many groundbreaking policies to strengthen centralization in both administrative and military affairs. The greatest of these was the conquest of the Southern Chen Dynasty. At the end of the Liang Dynasty, the Southern Dynasty had already lost the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River to the Northern Zhou Dynasty, which was inherited by the Sui Dynasty, so the Chen Dynasty was limited to having a base in the lower Yangtze River area. It was now inevitable that the Sui Dynasty would annex it and unify the whole country. The Sui dynasty appointed King Guang of Jin (later Emperor Yang) as the marching marshal (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary forces), and under the operational guidance of Gao Xi, invaded the territory of Chen in 588, occupied its capital Jiankang (now Nanjing) the following year, 589, and destroyed the Chen dynasty. China was thus unified for the first time in three centuries. However, the Sui unification policy was not limited to political unification. They focused on weakening the social and political independence that had traditionally been held by the clans, and on establishing a unified governing organization for the central government. As early as 583, they reorganized the local administrative system, which had previously been a three-tier system of prefectures, counties, and counties, into a two-tier system of prefectures and counties, in order to implement central politics. At the same time, they changed the practice of appointing local notables (clan clans) to local officials in their hometowns, and decided to send local senior officials from the central government (abolition of the township officials). This policy also included the intention to sever the ties between the aristocratic families and the local community. Furthermore, Emperor Wen abolished the Nine Ranks of Officials (Zhongzheng) Law, which had been based on family clans, and established the revolutionary Imperial Examination System. Immediately after the Pingding of Chen, the prefectural soldiers, who had previously been registered as soldiers and distinguished from ordinary prefecture and county citizens, were incorporated into the general civilian register, and the system of unification of soldiers and citizens was changed, as part of a centralization policy. In addition, he took measures against famine years, which had tended to be left to the social work of local notables, and established the system of fiduciary granaries. The systems of equalization of land and tax and labor taxes were also established, solidifying the foundations of the legal code system that was completed during the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Wen strived for frugality and sought to strengthen the nation, and the country became wealthy and strong during his reign of twenty-odd years. At the time of Chen Pingding's reign, the number of households was only about 4 million, but it rapidly increased, reaching more than 8.9 million households in 609 during the Yangtze Dynasty.

[Michio Tanigawa]

Emperor Yang's reign

However, this solid political direction began to waver towards the end of the Kaihuang reign. Voices of slander and criticism grew louder against Gao Xi and his group, who had supported Emperor Wen for many years, and they were toppled one after another. Meanwhile, the machinations of Jin King Guang and his aides were successful, and Emperor Wen deposed Crown Prince Yong and installed Guang as Crown Prince. The changing tide of politics is also indicated by the fact that Emperor Wen changed the era name to Renshou at this time. Emperor Wen eventually fell ill and died. There is a theory that Guang poisoned the emperor, but there is no solid evidence.

Guang ascended to the throne in 604, but was a man with a penchant for luxury, and carried out his will as he wished. There are many examples of the various projects inspired by his desires that ultimately contributed to later generations. The Kansai region (Wei River Basin), where the capital Chang'an is located, had been the center of power since the Western Wei and Northern Zhou dynasties, and Emperor Wen built Daxingcheng in Chang'an, but although it was modest compared to the rest of the country, it was a backward region in terms of economy and culture. Emperor Yang no longer had aspirations there, and was attracted by the advanced nature of northeastern China, the former Northern Qi region, and Jiangnan, the former Southern Dynasties region. After ascending to the throne, he built the capital in Luoyang, which he named Tokyo, and also began digging the Grand Canal. During the reign of Emperor Wen, Yuwen Kai had already ordered the diversion of the Wei River to open the Guangtong Canal from Daxingcheng to Tongguan, and to link the Huai River with the Yangtze River to open the Hangou Canal (Sanyang Duo). Emperor Yang then diverted the Luo and Gu waters of Luoyang into the Yellow River, linking the Yellow River with the Huai River (Tongji Canal), and several years later opened the Yongji Canal from the Yellow River to Zhuo Commandery (present-day Beijing), and the Jiangnan River further south from the Yangtze River to Kuaiji. Jiangdu, located at the southern end of Hangou, was Emperor Yang's favorite villa, and he built more than 40 other villas throughout the country, to which he frequently made visits to demonstrate his imperial grandeur. In particular, the imperial procession which used the canal from Tokyo to Jiangdu involved the movement of a huge group of people including the imperial harem, civil and military officials, monks, nuns and Taoist priests, foreign envoys and the national army, and was said to cover a distance of over 200 ri (1 ri is approximately 400 meters) from bow to stern, a spectacular sight never seen before in history.

[Michio Tanigawa]

Foreign Policy

The conquest of Jiangnan by Emperor Wen and the excavation of the Grand Canal by Emperor Yang were two major projects that firmly linked the north and south of China. Naturally, their success deepened contact with the surrounding ethnic groups. Chen's pacification led to the arrival of the Lingnan chieftain Xian, and the Sui dynasty used this as a foothold to send troops to subjugate the minority ethnic groups in Guangxi. The powerful Turks in the north sent a large army to invade the Sui dynasty at the time of its founding, but the Sui took advantage of their internal strife to adopt a strategy of alienation, temporarily splitting and weakening them. One of these factions, the Turk Khan Qimin, submitted to the Sui dynasty, and Emperor Wen tried to appease them by marrying Princess An'yi. During the reign of Emperor Yang, foreign strategies became even more aggressive, conquering Liuqiu (now known as Taiwan) and urging the Red Lands to pay tribute. In 609, he subjugated the Western Regions countries such as Gaochang and Yiwu, and the emperor personally led an expedition to Tuyuhun and forced it to surrender. This was the height of the Sui dynasty's power, and it was also at this time that Japan sent envoys to the Sui Dynasty. However, the northeastern region, especially Goguryeo, had relations with the Turks, and their submission was not yet sufficient. Emperor Yang, who boasted absolute authority as the Chinese emperor, planned to completely subjugate them. In February 611, he issued an imperial edict to subjugate Goguryeo and ordered the mobilization of 1.3 million national troops. The emperor personally led an expedition and crossed the Liao River, but the defenses of the Goguryeo castles were strong, and he suffered a major defeat and returned home. In 613, he tried to lead an expedition again, but was unable to take Liaodong Castle. Meanwhile, the domestic rebellion situation, which had been intensifying since the year before, became increasingly serious, so he retreated. In 614, they planned to send a third army, but this never came to fruition.Meanwhile, the Turks took advantage of the civil war to become independent again and grow strong, and in 615 they launched offensives, including besieging Emperor Yang at Yanmen while he was touring the north.

[Michio Tanigawa]

Fall of the Sui Dynasty

The Sui dynasty was destroyed by civil war, which began with the invasion of Goguryeo. From the time of the first military expedition in 611, many people in the Hebei region, who were struggling to collect and transport military supplies, fled and became bandits. Starting with Wang Bo of Shandong, who wrote a song calling on the people to "not die wandering towards Liaodong," fugitive groups were formed all over the place, some of which numbered in the tens of thousands, and took advantage of opportunities for local government offices to commit acts of plunder. This situation spread to Guanzhong and Jiangnan, and in 613, Xuangan, the son of the high-ranking official Yang Su, rallied the civil servants and people in his capacity as Minister of Rites, and raised an army in Liyang Cang. This was put down within a few months, but it was a significant incident as a rebellion by the nobles against the dictatorial rule of Emperor Yang. This incident triggered the civil war, which developed from a popular rebellion into a civil war that involved the ruling class and aimed to overthrow the Sui Dynasty. It also had the meaning of a struggle for the next power, which was to drive the deer out of the Central Plains. Li Mi, a subordinate of Yang Xuangan who was trying to make a comeback, Xiao Xuan, a descendant of the Southern Dynasty Imperial Family, Wang Shichong, the guardian of the eastern capital Luoyang, and Dou Jiande, who had gathered bandits from Hebei, all fought for supremacy with other forces of various sizes, but the fruits of victory fell to Li Yuan, who was ordered to guard the Taiyuan area. Yuan, together with his sons Jiancheng and Shimin, raised an army and occupied Chang'an, and crowned Emperor Yang's grandson Wang Yu as emperor (Emperor Gong). However, when Emperor Yang was killed by his own guards in Jiangdu, Yu dethroned Yu and established the Tang Dynasty (618). The following year, in 619, Wang Shichong dethroned Yang Dong, who had been supported by Wang Shichong, and ascended to the throne himself, thus completely ending the Sui imperial line.

[Michio Tanigawa]

Sui Dynasty Culture

The unification of the Northern and Southern dynasties by the Sui dynasty greatly differentiated its culture. Both northern and southern Confucianism was in the era of exegesis, but the Northern school was simple and used the annotations of Zheng Xuan of the Later Han dynasty, while the Southern school was elegant and inherited the teachings of the Wei and Jin dynasties, so each had a different style of learning. After the unification of the Sui dynasty, the Southern school flowed into the North and had a great influence. At the end of the Northern Zhou dynasty, Emperor Wu's anti-Buddhist policy was abolished, but in the Sui dynasty, Emperor Wen adopted a policy of protecting Buddhism, and Emperor Yang was also a devout believer in Buddhism, so the Buddhist world regained its vitality and flourished. Emperor Wen established Daxingshan Temple in Daxingcheng as the headquarters of Buddhism throughout the country, and built stupas in various provinces. In support of Taoism, he established Xuantu Temple as a counterpart to Daxingshan Temple. When Emperor Yang went to Jiangnan to pacify the Chen Dynasty, he established four dojos (Two Buddha Temples and Two Taoist Temples) in Yangzhou and invited monks and Taoist priests from both the Taoist and Buddhist worlds in Jiangnan. This marked the start of the influx of Buddhism from Jiangnan to the north. Jizo (Kashou Daishi) of the Sanron sect, which flourished in the Sui dynasty, and Zhiyi (Tiandai Daishi) of the Tiantai sect, were both from Jiangnan, and gained the favor of Emperor Yang and expanded their influence. In addition, the northern Sanshi sect arose based on the idea of the Latter Days of the Law, and was temporarily protected by the imperial court, but was later suppressed. It is thought that Buddhist sculpture also underwent a transitional period to the Tang dynasty style by integrating northern and southern styles, but the evidence is not conclusive. In addition, Emperor Yang had a fondness for Korean entertainment (circuses, magic tricks, etc.) that had been introduced from the West, and he conscripted the children of musicians who had served the Northern and Southern Dynasties and gathered them in Luoyang, where he held a huge parade when the Turk Qimin Khan entered the court.

[Michio Tanigawa]

"Chinese History 4: Sui and Tang Empires" by Nunome Shiosuke and Kurihara Masuo (1974, Kodansha) " "New Book on Oriental History 2: The Formation of World Empires" by Tanigawa Michio (Kodansha Gendai Shinsho)" " A Study on the History of the Formation of the Sui and Tang Empires" by Tanigawa Michio (1971, Chikuma Shobo)

Sui Dynasty (Yang clan, maternal relatives)/Abbreviated genealogy
©Shogakukan ">

Sui Dynasty (Yang clan, maternal relatives)/Abbreviated genealogy

Map of Sui Dynasty
©Shogakukan ">

Map of Sui Dynasty

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国の王朝（581～618）。南朝の陳を征服して、4世紀以来の南北の政治的対立に終止符を打ち、中国周辺にも勢力拡大に努めたが、短命に終わった。隋の国名は、創建者楊堅(ようけん)（後の文帝）が隨(ずい)国公であったことに由来する。通説では、辶は走るに通ずるところから、政権の安定を願って、隨字から辶を取り去ったのだというが、当時の碑文などには隨字も使われている。

［谷川道雄］

隋朝の興起

隋の帝室楊氏は、漢代以来の名族として名高い弘農郡（河南省霊宝県）の楊氏の出身と称するが、真偽のほどはさだかでない。確実な記録では、祖先は北魏(ほくぎ)時代、長城北辺の武川鎮（現、内モンゴル自治区フフホト市北方）で国境防衛にあたっていた軍人の家柄で、その通婚関係からみて、非漢民族の血を多く交えているらしい。楊堅の父、忠は、宇文泰らとともに西魏政権を創建、府兵制の起源をなす二四軍の大将軍を務めた。堅は541年に生まれ、武人貴族の子弟にふさわしい北周の官界コースを進み、近衛(このえ)軍の司令官となった。その長女が北周宣帝（宇文贇(うぶんいん)）の皇后となったことから、宣帝時代には外戚(がいせき)として枢要の地位にあった。暴君宣帝が崩ずると、側近官僚グループが遺詔を偽作して、堅に幼帝を後見させたので、堅は丞相(じょうしょう)となり、反対者の挙兵を鎮圧して、隋朝を創建した。

［谷川道雄］

開皇の政治

文帝の治世は、開皇（581～600）と仁寿（601～604）の二つの年号からなる。開皇時代は、高熲(こうけい)、蘇威(そい)らの名相を重用し、文帝自身も政治に精励したのでよく治まり、開皇の治と称される。この時期には、行政・軍事の両面で、中央集権を強化する多くの画期的政策を実行した。なかでも最大の事業は、南朝陳の征服である。南朝ではすでに梁(りょう)末に揚子江(ようすこう)中・上流域を北周に奪われ、隋がこれを継承したので、陳は揚子江下流域一帯を根拠とするにとどまっていた。隋がこれを併呑(へいどん)して全国を統一するのは、いまや時の必然であった。隋は晋王(しんおう)広（後の煬帝(ようだい)）を行軍元帥（派遣軍総司令官）とし、高熲の作戦指導の下に、588年陳領に侵入し、翌589年その首都建康（現、南京(ナンキン)）を占領して陳を滅ぼした。ここに中国は3世紀ぶりに統一された。しかし隋の統一政策は単に政治上の統一支配にとどまるものではなかった。門閥勢力が伝統的に保有してきた社会的・政治的自力性を弱め、中央政府の一元的な統治組織を整備することに力が注がれた。すでに583年、州・郡・県の三級制であった地方行政制度を州・県の二級制に整理して、中央政治の貫徹を図った。時を同じくして、地方名望家（門閥）がその本籍地で地方官に任ぜられる慣行であったのを改め、地方の幹部官僚には中央から派遣することにした（郷官廃止）。この施策は門閥貴族と地域社会の結合を断ち切る意図も含んでいた。さらに文帝は、これまで門閥本位に陥っていた九品(きゅうひん)官人（中正）法を廃止して、画期的な科挙制を創設した。また、陳平定直後、従来兵籍に入れて一般の州県民と区別していた府兵を一般民籍に編入し、兵民一致の方式に改めたのも、中央集権政策の一環であった。そのほか、地方名望家の社会事業にゆだねられがちであった凶年対策に手をつけ、義倉の制度を創設した。均田制や租庸調(そようちょう)の制度も整備されて、唐代に完成される律令(りつれい)体制の基礎が固められた。文帝は倹約に努め国力の充実を図ったので、その治世二十数年の間に国家は富強となった。陳平定当時400万余にすぎなかった民戸は急速に増加して、煬帝朝の609年には890万余戸に至った。

［谷川道雄］

煬帝時代

しかし、このような堅実な政治の方向も、開皇の終わりころから動揺し始める。長年文帝を支えてきた高熲らのグループに対して、中傷非難する声が高くなり、彼らは次々に失脚した。一方では、晋王広とその側近の策謀が功を奏して、文帝は皇太子勇を廃し、広を皇太子にたてた。政治の流れの変化は、このとき文帝が年号を仁寿と改めたことにも示されている。やがて文帝は病没した。広が帝を毒殺したという説があるが、確実な証拠はない。

　広は604年即位したが、豪奢(ごうしゃ)を好む人物で、その意志を思いのままに実行していった。その欲望に発したさまざまの事業が、結果的に後世に貢献した例も少なくない。首都長安のある関西地方（渭水(いすい)盆地）は、西魏・北周以来の政権の中心地で、文帝も長安に大興城を営んだが、全国的にみれば質実であるが、経済、文化のうえでは後進地域である。煬帝の志向はもはやそこにはなく、旧北斉地域の華北東部や旧南朝地域の江南の先進性に心をひかれた。即位すると、洛陽(らくよう)に都城を営んで東京(とうけい)と名づけ、また大運河の開削に着手した。すでに文帝のとき宇文愷(うぶんがい)に命じて渭水を引き大興城から潼関(どうかん)に至る広通渠(きょ)を開き、また淮河(わいが)と揚子江を連結して邗溝(かんこう)（山陽涜(さんようとく)）を開いたが、煬帝は洛陽の洛水、穀水を黄河に引き入れ、黄河と淮河を結び（通済渠）、数年後にはさらに黄河から涿(たく)郡（現在の北京(ペキン)地方）に達する永済渠、揚子江からさらに南して会稽(かいけい)に至る江南河を開通させた。邗溝の南端に位置する江都は煬帝のもっとも愛好した離宮で、このほかに全国に40余か所の離宮を置き、絶えずこれらの離宮に行幸して、皇帝の威容を示した。ことに東京から江都に至る、運河を利用した行幸は、後宮、文武百官、僧尼道士、外国使臣および国軍からなる膨大な集団の移動で、「舳艫(じくろ)相接すること二百余里（1里は約400メートル）」といわれ、その壮観なことは史上に前例がない。

［谷川道雄］

対外経略

文帝の江南征服と煬帝の大運河開削とは、中国の南北両地域をしっかりと結び付けた二大事業であった。その成功は当然周辺の諸民族との接触を深くした。陳の平定によって嶺南(れいなん)の酋豪(しゅうごう)洗氏が来降し、隋はこれを足掛りに広西の少数民族制圧の兵を出した。北方では強盛を誇る突厥(とっけつ)が隋の建国時に大軍を入寇(にゅうこう)させたが、隋はその内訌(ないこう)を利用して離間策をとり、一時その分裂・弱体化に成功した。その一派啓民（突利）可汗は隋に帰順し、文帝は安義公主を降嫁して懐柔を図った。煬帝時代になると対外経略はいよいよ積極化し、流求（現在の台湾といわれる）を征服し、赤土国に朝貢を促した。609年には高昌・伊吾などの西域(せいいき)諸国を服属させ、また吐谷渾(とよくこん)には帝自ら親征してこれを降(くだ)した。このころが隋の最盛期であり、日本から遣隋使を送ったのもこの時点である。しかし東北方面、とくに高句麗(こうくり)は突厥と通交しており、その服属はまだ十分ではなかった。中国皇帝として絶対の権威を誇る煬帝は、その完全な制圧を企てた。611年2月、高句麗征討の詔を下し、国軍の130万の総動員を命じた。帝自ら親征して遼河(りょうが)を渡ったが、高句麗側諸城の守備は固く、大敗して帰国した。613年再度親征を試みたが、遼東城を攻めあぐね、一方前々年ころより激しくなっていた国内の反乱情勢がいよいよ重大となったので退却した。614年、第3回出兵を企てたが、もはや実行に至らず、一方、突厥が内乱に乗じてふたたび独立して強盛となり、615年には、北巡中の煬帝を雁門(がんもん)に包囲するなどの攻勢に出た。

［谷川道雄］

隋の滅亡

隋は内乱によって滅びるが、その契機となったのは、高句麗遠征である。611年の第一次出兵の際から、軍需物資の徴発や運搬に苦しむ河北一帯の民衆のなかに、逃亡して群盗となる者が相次いだ。「遼東に向かいて浪死する無かれ」の歌をつくって民衆に呼びかけた山東の王薄(おうはく)をはじめ、至る所に逃亡者集団が生まれ、勢力数万に及ぶものもあり、地方官府のすきをねらって略奪行動に出た。この情勢は関中・江南にも広がるが、613年には大官楊素の子玄感が礼部尚書という高官の身で役民を結集して黎陽(れいよう)倉に挙兵した。これは数か月で鎮圧されたが、煬帝の独裁政治に抗する貴族の反乱として重大な意味をもつ事件で、これをきっかけに内乱情勢は民衆レベルの反抗から支配層を巻き込んだ隋朝打倒を目ざす内戦へ発展した。それはまた、いわゆる中原(ちゅうげん)に鹿(しか)を逐(お)う次期政権争奪戦の意味も内包していた。楊玄感の部下で再起を図る李密(りみつ)、南朝帝室の後裔蕭銑(こうえいしょうせん)、東都洛陽の守将王世充、河北の群盗を結集した竇建徳(とうけんとく)などがその他大小の勢力とともに覇権を争ったが、勝利の果実は太原方面の鎮守を命ぜられた李淵(りえん)の手に落ちた。淵は建成、世民らの諸子と挙兵して長安を占領し、煬帝の孫代王侑(ゆう)を皇帝にいただいたが（恭帝）、煬帝が江都で親衛隊の手によって殺されると、侑を廃して唐朝を建てた（618）。翌619年王世充もその擁立する楊侗(とう)を廃して自ら即位したので、隋の皇統はここに完全に絶えた。

［谷川道雄］

隋代の文化

隋が南北両朝を統一したことは、その文化を大いに特色づけた。儒学は南北ともに訓詁(くんこ)学の時代であるが、北学は後漢(ごかん)の鄭玄(じょうげん)の注を用いて質朴、南学は魏晋の説を承(う)けて華麗で、それぞれ学風を異にした。隋の統一後は南学が北方に流入して、大きな影響を与えた。仏教は、北周の末、武帝の廃仏政策が撤廃されたが、隋代になると、文帝は仏教保護政策をとり、煬帝も仏教を篤信したので、仏教界は生気を取り戻して興隆した。文帝は大興城に大興善寺を置いて全国仏教の本拠とし、諸州には舎利塔を建設した。なお道教に対しては、大興善寺に対応するものとして玄都観を設けた。煬帝は陳朝平定のため江南に赴いたとき、揚州に四道場（二仏寺・二道観）を設け、江南の道仏両教界から僧侶(そうりょ)・道士を招いた。これを契機に江南仏教の北方流入が盛況となった。隋代に栄えた三論宗の吉蔵（嘉祥(かしょう)大師）、天台宗の智顗(ちぎ)（天台大師）などはいずれも江南の出身で、煬帝の知遇を得て教勢を張った。そのほか北方系の三階教が末法思想に拠(よ)っておこり、一時朝廷の保護を受けたが、のち禁圧された。仏像彫刻も南北の様式を統合して唐朝様式への過渡期をなしたと考えられるが、資料のうえで確実ではない。そのほか、煬帝は西方伝来の散楽（サーカス、手品など）を好み、南北朝に仕えた楽工の子弟を徴用してこれを洛陽に集め、突厥の啓民可汗が入朝したとき一大パレードを繰り広げた。

［谷川道雄］

『布目潮渢・栗原益男著『中国の歴史4　隋唐帝国』（1974・講談社）』▽『谷川道雄著『新書東洋史2　世界帝国の形成』（講談社現代新書）』▽『谷川道雄著『隋唐帝国形成史論』（1971・筑摩書房）』

[参照項目] | 遣隋使 | 中国史 | 唐 | 日中交渉史 | 煬帝[年表] | 隋の時代（年表）

隋（楊氏・外戚）／略系図

隋の版図

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例

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