A general term for animals in the genus Marmot, order Rodentia, family Sciuridae, class Mammalia. Members of this genus Marmota are large ground squirrels with thick, stocky bodies and short tails, reaching a body length of 30-60 cm, tail length of 10-25 cm, and weight of 3-7.5 kg. Their body color ranges from light brownish yellow to dark brown. They usually dig tunnels underground in the grassland to make their nests, and live in groups of several to sometimes more than 50 individuals. They rarely climb trees. They are diurnal, and use a variety of sounds and scents to communicate with each other. There are more than 10 species of marmots distributed from Eurasia to North America, including the alpine marmot M. marmota (also called simply marmot), which lives in the alpine grasslands of the European Alps, the tarbagan M. bobak (also called bobak), which lives in the high mountains of Nepal and Sikkim, and the woodchuck M. monax , which lives from Alaska to the eastern United States. All species mainly eat green parts of plants such as leaves, eating large amounts in summer and storing them as fat in their bodies, and in winter they hibernate for long periods of time, sometimes up to nine months. They also eat mushrooms and insects. They mate in April or May, immediately after waking up from hibernation, and females usually give birth to 2 to 5 young with a gestation period of 30 to 32 days. The young begin to come out of their burrows after 6 weeks and reach sexual maturity in 2 years. In the Alps, marmot fat has been considered a good medicine for chest and lung diseases. Tarbagan fat is also excellent for leather cream. Marmots' tunnel-digging activities are important for maintaining ecosystems, such as improving soil aeration, but they are often seen as an obstacle to agriculture and livestock farming, and as such are targeted for extermination. In addition, marmots are hunted in large numbers in the former Soviet Union and the United States for their meat and fur. [Yoshiharu Imaizumi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
哺乳(ほにゅう)綱齧歯(げっし)目リス科マーモット属に含まれる動物の総称。この属Marmotaの仲間は、太くずんぐりした体に短い尾をもった大形の地上生リスで、体長30~60センチメートル、尾長10~25センチメートル、体重3~7.5キログラムに達する。体色は明るい茶黄色から暗褐色。普通、草原の地中にトンネルを掘って巣とし、数頭から、ときに50頭を超す集団をつくって暮らす。木にはほとんど登らない。昼行性で、相互のコミュニケーションにさまざまな音声とにおいを使う。ヨーロッパ・アルプスなどの高山草原にすむアルプスマーモットM. marmota(単にマーモットともよばれる)のほか、ネパール、シッキムなどの高山にすむタルバガンM. bobak(ボバックともいう)、北アメリカのアラスカからアメリカ東部にかけてすむウッドチャックM. Monaxなど10種余りがユーラシアから北アメリカに分布する。いずれの種も植物の葉などの緑色部分をおもな食物とし、夏季に大量に食べて体に脂肪として蓄え、冬季はときに9か月に達する長い冬眠で過ごす。ほかにキノコ類、昆虫なども食べる。冬眠から覚めてすぐの4~5月に交尾し、雌は妊娠期間30~32日で普通2~5子を産む。子は6週間で巣穴から外に出るようになり、2年で性的に成熟する。アルプス地方ではマーモットの脂肪は胸と肺の病の良薬とされてきた。また、タルバガンの脂肪は皮革クリームとして優れる。マーモットのトンネル掘り活動は、土壌の通気性をよくするなど生態系維持のうえで重要な働きがあるが、農業や牧畜にはしばしば阻害要因として嫌われる。このため、マーモットは駆除の対象とされる。また、旧ソ連地域とアメリカでは肉と毛皮を目的に大量に狩猟されている。 [今泉吉晴] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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