taxes on knowledge

Japanese: taxes on knowledge（英語表記）taxesonknowledge

…In the 18th century, conservative forces were still strong in England, and in particular the Tory government of Pitt the Younger, formed in 1783, fearing the spread of French revolutionary ideas, implemented strict censorship, such as banning Thomas Paine's book The Rights of Man in 1779, enacting the Union Act to outlaw labor unions, and cracking down on newspapers and publications that supported the revolution. On the other hand, England had the stamp tax (1712), which was called the "taxes on knowledge," and libel laws that unilaterally punished defamation of the king or government officials, regardless of the truth of the facts, which imposed severe restrictions on the expressive activities of the people. However, these censors faded over time, and by the second half of the 19th century, the principle of modern freedom of speech had been established in liberal countries such as England, France, and the United States. …

From the Stamping Method

…In contrast to the appearance and establishment of cheap popular newspapers in France and the United States in the 1830s, this law prevented the creation of legal low-cost newspapers in Britain, and its development was halted for a long time. Radical and enlightened middle-class journalists, in cooperation with working-class activists, described the law as "taxes on knowledge," and mobilized enlightened politicians to launch a campaign to repeal it. Taxes on pamphlets were abolished in 1833, taxes on newspapers were reduced to one penny in 1836, and advertising taxes were abolished in 1853 and on newspapers in 1855. …

*Some explanations of terms that mention "taxes on knowledge" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…イギリスでも18世紀にはなお保守勢力が強く，とくに1783年組閣のトーリー党の小ピット内閣はフランス革命思想の波及をおそれて，79年トマス･ペインの著書《人間の権利》を発禁にしたり，さらに組合法を制定して労働組合を非合法化し，また革命支持派の新聞，出版を取り締まるなど，きびしい言論統制を実施した。他方イギリスには，〈知識税taxes on knowledge〉といわれた印紙税(1712)や，事実の真偽にかかわらず一方的に国王や官吏の名誉毀損を処罰した誹毀（ひき）法などがあって，民衆の表現活動に強い制約を科していた。しかしこれらの言論統制も時とともに影をひそめ，19世紀の後半には，イギリス，フランス，アメリカなどの自由主義諸国では近代的な言論の自由の原則が，ほぼ実質的に確立した。…

【捺印法】より

…フランス，アメリカでは1830年代に安い値段の大衆紙が出現･定着するのに反し，イギリスではこの法律のために合法的廉価紙は生まれず，その発展はながく押しとどめられた。急進･啓蒙的中産階級のジャーナリズム関係者は労働者階級の運動家と結び，この法律を〈知識への課税taxes on knowledge〉と表現し，開明的政治家を動かして，撤廃運動を展開した。パンフレットへの課税は1833年に廃止，新聞紙への課税は36年に1ペニーに引き下げられ，広告税は1853年に，新聞は55年に全廃された。…

※「taxes on knowledge」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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