A Sunni Islamic dynasty of Turkish Mamluks (1250-1517) that ruled Egypt, Syria, and Hijaz. Its capital was Cairo. It is divided into two periods, the Bahri Mamluks (1250-1390) and the Burji Mamluks (1382-1517). In 1250, the Turkish Mamluks of the Ayyubid dynasty rebelled, and Shajar al-Drul, a former court slave, took power, and her husband Aybak became the first sultan. The fifth sultan, Baibars I, actively campaigned against the Mongol army, Crusaders, and Ismailis in Syria, while at the same time improving domestic affairs, including the post office system, and building the foundation of the dynasty. He also supported the Abbasid Caliphate, who was driven out of Baghdad by the Mongol army, and officially recognized the four Sunni schools of law. The dynasty reached its height of prosperity during the reign of Nasir in the early 14th century, when it prospered through stable agricultural production and transit trade linking the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The position of sultan was hereditary, but after Nasir, there was a continuous struggle for the succession, and the government was unstable. In 1382, Barkuk, a Circassian Mamluk from the Caucasus, ascended to the throne and established the Burji Mamluk dynasty (also called the Circassian period because the majority of sultans were Circassians). During this period, the struggle for power between warlords over the sultanate intensified. In addition, the Black Death (plague) spread from the mid-14th century, causing a decrease in population, and at the same time, the economic situation worsened due to a decline in agricultural production, famine, and rebellions by nomadic Arabs. In the early 15th century, Timur temporarily occupied Syria. In the first half of the 15th century, Barsbai expanded his power, including occupying Cyprus, but in 1498, Vasco da Gama's development of a sea route to India dealt a major blow to transit trade. In 1516, the empire was defeated by the Ottoman Turkish army led by Selim I at the Battle of Marj Dabiq, north of Aleppo, and the following year it was destroyed when Cairo was occupied. Under the rule of the dynasty, Cairo prospered as the center of the Islamic world, replacing Baghdad, as can be seen from the Arabian Nights, which was finally compiled at that time. Many excellent writers appeared, including historians such as Maqrisy and Ibn Yas, encyclopedists such as Nuwayri, Umari, and Kalkashandi, and Ibn Taymiyya, who influenced the modern Islamic reform movement. Magnificent buildings, such as the mausoleum of Qa'it Bay, are also characteristic of this dynasty, and remain in various places. [Tadazumi Kikuchi] "The Legacy of the Islamic Empire" edited by Johei Shimada (1970, Heibonsha) " "Egypt, the Mamluk Dynasty" by Yoichiro Ohara (1976, Kondo Publishing) ©Shogakukan "> Mamluk Dynasty/Brief Family Tree Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
エジプト、シリア、ヒジャーズを支配したトルコ系マムルークのスンニー派イスラム王朝(1250~1517)。首都はカイロ。バフリー・マムルーク朝(1250~1390)とブルジー・マムルーク朝(1382~1517)の前後2期に分けられる。1250年アイユーブ朝のトルコ系マムルークが反乱を起こし、宮廷女奴隷出身のシャジャル・アッドゥッルが実権を握り、夫のアイバクが初代スルタンとなった。第5代のバイバルス1世はシリアで、モンゴル軍、十字軍、イスマーイール派に対して活発な遠征を行うと同時に、駅逓(えきてい)制をはじめとする内政を整備し、王朝の基礎を築いた。また、モンゴル軍によりバグダードを追われたアッバース朝カリフを擁立し、スンニー派四法学派を公認した。王朝の最盛期は14世紀初頭のナーシルの時代で、安定した農業生産を背景に、インド洋と地中海を結ぶ中継貿易によって繁栄を極めた。 スルタン位は世襲制であったが、ナーシル以後は後継者争いが続き、政権は不安定であった。1382年には、カフカス出身のチェルケス人マムルークのバルクークが即位し、ブルジー・マムルーク朝(スルタンの大多数がチェルケス人であることからチェルケス〈シルカシア〉時代ともよばれる)を開いた。この時代は、スルタン位をめぐって軍閥相互の勢力争いが激化した。また、14世紀なかば過ぎから黒死病(ペスト)が蔓延(まんえん)して人口が減少し、同時に農業生産の低下、飢饉(ききん)、遊牧アラブの反乱などが加わり、経済状態が悪化した。15世紀初頭にはティームールによりシリアが一時占領された。15世紀前半のバルスバイはキプロス占領など勢力を伸長したが、1498年のバスコ・ダ・ガマのインド航路開拓によって中継貿易に大きな打撃を受けた。1516年アレッポ北方のマルジュ・ダービクの戦いで、セリム1世率いるオスマン・トルコ軍に敗れ、翌年にはカイロを占領され滅亡した。 王朝治下のカイロはバグダードにかわりイスラム世界の中心となって繁栄したが、それは当時最終的にまとめられた『アラビアン・ナイト』からもうかがわれる。優れた著作家が輩出したが、マクリージー、イブン・イヤースなどの歴史家、ヌワイリー、ウマリー、カルカシャンディーなど百科事典家のほか、近・現代のイスラム改革運動にも影響を与えたイブン・タイミーヤが現れた。カーイト・バーイ廟墓(びょうぼ)をはじめ壮麗な建造物もこの王朝の特色で、各地に残存している。 [菊池忠純] 『嶋田襄平編『イスラム帝国の遺産』(1970・平凡社)』▽『大原与一郎著『エジプト、マムルーク王朝』(1976・近藤出版社)』 ©Shogakukan"> マムルーク朝/略系図 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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