Arabic word meaning slave. The plural is mamālīk. Generally, it is used to mean military elites who were purchased as slaves and later liberated. The people purchased as Mamluks were mainly Turks and Circassians, but also Mongols, Kurds, Greeks, and Armenians. The adoption of Mamluks in Islamic countries began with Mu'tasim (reigned 833-842) of the Abbasid dynasty, and thereafter each dynasty in the Islamic world had a Mamluk corps. The Mamluk corps created by Sultan Saleh (reigned 1240-49) of the Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt eventually became more powerful than the sultan, and Mamluk generals went on to establish the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt and Syria. Even after the Ottoman Empire conquered the Arab regions in the 16th century, real power in the regions remained in the hands of the Mamluk beys, who were tax collectors, and this system continued until the time of Muhammad Ali in the 19th century. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
奴隷を意味するアラビア語。複数は mamālīk。一般には,奴隷として購入され,のち解放された軍人エリートの意味に用いられる。マムルークとして購入されたのはトルコ人,キルカシア人を中心にモンゴル人,クルド人,ギリシア人,アルメニア人など。イスラム国家におけるマムルークの採用はアッバース朝のムータシム (在位 833~842) に始り,その後イスラム圏の各王朝はマムルーク軍団をもつようになった。エジプトのアイユーブ朝のスルタン,サーリフ (在位 1240~49) がつくったマムルーク軍団は,やがてスルタンをしのぐ勢力となり,マムルーク出身の将軍たちはエジプト,シリアにマムルーク朝を建てるにいたった。 16世紀にオスマン帝国がアラブ地域を征服したのちも,地方支配の実権は徴税請負人であるマムルーク・ベイが握り,この体制が 19世紀のムハンマド・アリーの時代まで続いた。
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