A deciduous tree of the family Streptomyces (APG classification: Streptomyces). It is found in India, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia, and grows to a height of 10-13 meters. The leaves are opposite, with petioles 4-6 mm long and blades 6-15 cm long, broadly ovate, entire, with a pointed tip. Both sides are hairless and glossy, with 3-5 midribs. The cymes of 1.2 cm long greenish-white flowers grow at the ends of the branches. The berries are large and globular, 6-13 cm in diameter, orange-red when mature, and contain 3-5 seeds in white flesh. The seeds are hard, disc-shaped, 15-25 mm in diameter, 4 mm thick, and light brown in color. The surface is densely covered with long hairs, giving it a velvety sheen. These seeds are called Nux Vomica, Machinshi, and Banbokubetsu and are used for medicinal purposes. The hard seed coat is crushed to extract the kernel, which is then used in small amounts as a stimulant, mainly in the form of an extract or tincture, to treat asthenic dyspepsia, nervous diarrhea, neurasthenia, and various types of paralysis. The kernel contains highly toxic alkaloids such as strychnine and brucine, so care must be taken when handling it and in the amount used. Alkaloids are not only found in the kernel, but also in the flesh, leaves, stems, roots, etc. [Motoo Nagasawa May 21, 2021] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
マチン科(APG分類:マチン科)の落葉高木。インド、東南アジア、オーストラリア北部に分布し、高さ10~13メートル。葉は対生し、葉柄は長さ4~6ミリメートル、葉身は長さ6~15センチメートルの広卵形で先はとがり、全縁。両面とも無毛で光沢があり、主脈は3~5条。枝端に長さ1.2センチメートルの緑白色の花を集散花序につける。液果は球形で大きく、直径6~13センチメートル、成熟すると橙赤(とうせき)色となり、白色の果肉の中に3~5個の種子をもつ。種子は径15~25ミリメートル、厚さ4ミリメートルの堅い円板形で、淡褐色。表面には長い伏毛が密生し、ビロード様の光沢をもつ。この種子をホミカ、馬銭子(まちんし)、番木鼈(ばんぼくべつ)と称して薬用とする。堅い種皮を砕いて中の仁をとり、おもにエキス、チンキの形で、その微量を強壮興奮剤として無力性消化不良、神経性下痢、神経衰弱、各種の麻痺(まひ)などの治療に用いた。仁にはストリキニーネ、ブルチンなどの猛毒アルカロイドが含まれているため、取扱いや使用量には注意が必要である。なお、アルカロイドは仁だけでなく、果肉、葉、幹、根などにも含まれる。 [長沢元夫 2021年5月21日] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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