Maxwell's demon

Japanese: マクスウェルの魔物 - まくすうぇるのまもの(英語表記)Maxwell's demon
Maxwell's demon

An imaginary demon (also called Maxwell's demon, named by Kelvin in England) that appears in the book "The Theory of Heat" written in 1871 by the British physicist Maxwell, famous for his work on electromagnetism. A vessel filled with gas is divided into two compartments, A and B, by a partition, and a light door is attached to a small hole in the partition, which is kept guard by the demon. The demon has the supernatural ability to distinguish the speed of the gas molecules flying in, and when molecules that are faster than a certain value come from side A, it opens the door and lets them pass through to side B, but when slow molecules come, it closes the door. Conversely, for molecules flying from side B, it lets slow ones pass through to side A, but does not let fast ones through. The door is extremely light, so the demon does not need to use energy to open and close it. If this operation is continued, eventually A will be filled with slow molecules and B with fast molecules, so A will be cold and B will be hot, creating a temperature difference without consuming energy (a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is created), which contradicts the second law of thermodynamics. The monster acts as a cooler that does not require electricity.

Maxwell's problem posed provided material for discussion for many physicists and helped to clarify the nature of irreversible phenomena. Since the demon must use energy to "distinguish" the speed of molecules and increase entropy, it was shown that it does not contradict thermodynamics when you take that into account, but this was not proven until after 1929.

[Koide Shoichiro]

[Reference] | Maxwell
Maxwell's Demon
©Shogakukan ">

Maxwell's Demon


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

電磁気学で有名なイギリスの物理学者マクスウェルが1871年に書いた『熱の理論』という本のなかに出てくる想像上の魔物(マクスウェルの悪魔ともいう。命名者はイギリスのケルビン)。気体を入れた器を隔壁でAとBの2室に分け、隔壁に小穴をあけて軽い戸をつけ、魔物に張り番させる。魔物は飛来する気体分子の速度を見分ける超能力をもち、一定値以上の速さの分子がA側からきたときには戸を開いてB側へ通すが、遅い分子がきたときには戸を閉めてしまう。逆にB側から飛んでくる分子については、遅いものはAへ通すが速いものは通さない。戸はきわめて軽くて魔物は開閉にエネルギーを使わなくてよいとする。そうすると、この操作を続ければ、やがてAは遅い分子、Bは速い分子で満ちることになるから、A内は低温、B内は高温となり、エネルギー消費なしに温度差をつくりだす(第2種の永久機関がつくられる)ことになって熱力学の第二法則に矛盾する。魔物が電力不要のクーラーの役を果たすわけである。

 マクスウェルのこの問題提起は多数の物理学者に議論の素材を与え、不可逆(非可逆)現象の本質究明に役だった。魔物は分子の速さを「識別」するという操作のためにエネルギーを使い、エントロピーを増大させなければならないので、そのことまで考えると熱力学とは矛盾しないことが示されたが証明されたのは、1929年以降のことである。

[小出昭一郎]

[参照項目] | マクスウェル
マクスウェルの魔物
©Shogakukan">

マクスウェルの魔物


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