Eiichi Makino

Criminal law scholar. Born in Takayama, Gifu Prefecture in 1878. After graduating from the Department of French Law at Tokyo Imperial University in 1903 (Meiji 36), he worked as a judge and prosecutor, then as a lecturer and assistant professor at the same university, before becoming a professor in 1913 (Taisho 2), where he taught criminal law courses until 1938 (Showa 13). From 1910 (Meiji 43), he studied in Germany, England, Italy, etc. for three years, and was particularly influenced by F. List, a scholar of the new school of criminal law at the University of Berlin in Germany. After that, he widely introduced the criminal law ideas and theories of the new school of criminal law (modern school, positivist school) represented by List to Japan, and he himself fully developed criminal law theories and criminal policy theories based on the new school's positivism. He denied the free will of criminals (humans) and believed that crime was the product of the criminal's character and environment. He criticized the old metaphysical theories of moral responsibility and retributive punishment, and advocated theories of social responsibility and educational criminal law. He wrote many books, including the 20-volume Criminal Law Research (1918-1967), the revised editions of Criminal Law General (1958, 1959), and Jurisprudence (1949-1952), volumes 1 and 2. He became a member of the Academy in 1936 (Showa 11), a member of the House of Peers in 1946, and was awarded the Order of Culture in 1975. He died on April 18, 1970.

[Tetsuro Nawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

刑法学者。明治11年岐阜県高山市に生まれる。1903年（明治36）東京帝国大学仏法科を卒業後、判事、検事を経て、同大学講師、助教授から13年（大正2）に教授となり、38年（昭和13）まで刑法講座を担当した。1910年（明治43）から3年間、ドイツ、イギリス、イタリアなどに留学し、とくにドイツのベルリン大学で新派刑法学のF・リストに学び、大きな影響を受けた。その後、リストに代表される新派刑法学（近代学派、実証学派）の刑法思想や刑法理論を広くわが国に紹介するとともに、自らも新派の実証主義を基調とする刑法理論や刑事政策論を全面的に展開した。彼は犯罪者（人間）の自由意思を否定し、犯罪は犯罪者の素質と環境の産物であると解する立場から、旧派の形而上(けいじじょう)学的な道義的責任論や応報刑論を批判して社会的責任論や教育刑論を主張した。全20巻の『刑法研究』（1918～67）をはじめ、『刑法総論』全訂版上下（1958、59）、『法理学』1巻・2巻上下（1949～52）など著書は非常に多い。36年（昭和11）学士院会員、46年貴族院議員、50年文化勲章受章。昭和45年4月18日死去。

［名和鐵郎］

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