French sculptor. Known as the greatest modern sculptor, he revitalized 19th century sculpture and paved the way for contemporary sculpture with his vibrant realism, monumental expressiveness, symbolist themes, and his technique of treating sculpture as a mass and relating it to the surrounding space through its movement and expressive texture. Born in Paris on November 12, 1840, to a police officer. From the age of 14, he trained under a classical sculptor for three years, and then tried to enter the École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, but failed three times. While working as a stonemason for architectural decoration, he studied under Antoine-Louis Bary and Carrier-Belleuse, and in 1871, he served as an assistant to Carrier-Belleuse in the production of decorative sculptures for the Brussels Commodity Exchange. Prior to this, in 1864, he exhibited "The Man with a Broken Nose" at the Salon, but it was rejected. However, the intense fleshing of this work shows Rodin's aesthetic of finding beauty in ugliness and expressiveness as a mass, which would become the core of his later works. In 1875, he went to Italy to study, and was particularly impressed by Michelangelo, and gained "liberation from academism." In 1876, he produced "The Age of Bronze," which caused a scandal because its realism was so skillful that it was cast directly from the human body. His pursuit of fresh realism and movement continued in works such as "The Walker" and "John the Baptist." In particular, the headless "Walker" deepened his exploration of the presence, expressiveness, and movement of a mass. From 1879 to 1882, he produced models for the Sèvres Porcelain Factory and "Portrait of d'Alembert" for the Paris City Hall. In 1880, he received an order to paint "The Gates of Hell" for the portals of the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris. However, this work remained unfinished even after nearly 40 years of hard work. The remaining plaster model was cast for the first time by Japanese collector Kojiro Matsukata, who was a friend of Rodin. Inspired by Dante's "The Divine Comedy," this work was inspired by various stimuli such as "The Gates of Paradise" by Ghiberti in the Florence Baptistery, the large mural "The Last Judgment" in the Sistine Chapel, and the prints "The Divine Comedy" by Braque and Gustave Doret, as well as Rodin's troubled love affair with his female student and assistant Camille Claudel (1856-1943, sister of poet Paul Claudel, said to be the model for the marble female head statue "Meditation"), and was conceived as including a total of 186 individual figures. In fact, many of Rodin's masterpieces in marble and bronze, such as "The Thinker," "The Kiss," and "Eternal Youth," were realized during this planning process. "The Gates of Hell" and the individual statues and groups derived from it correspond exactly to the heyday of symbolist art from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. For example, "The Kiss," in its boldness, influenced the themes of love and sexuality developed by symbolist painters, and it has even been interpreted that it is not simply the love story of Paolo and Francesca in "The Divine Comedy," but an expression of love with a so-called "damned woman." On the other hand, there is also a view that he was an impressionist in sculpture, but this comes from the fact that Rodin was of the same generation as the impressionists, was friendly with Monet and others, and held a joint exhibition with Monet in 1889, and that he placed importance on the effects of light when modeling the skin of his sculptures. In 1884, Rodin signed a contract with the city of Calais to create a monument to heroic citizens during the Hundred Years' War. The work "The Burghers of Calais" was created in 1886, but due to various criticisms, it was not actually unveiled in Calais until 1895. Prior to this work, Rodin had submitted a competition to create a statue to commemorate the defense of Paris during the Prussian-French War (he did not win the competition, and it was later unveiled posthumously in 1922 as the "Defense of the Country" monument to the defense of Verdun). He received various orders for monuments after the 1880s, but many of his works were left unfinished, and even if they were completed, many of them were not realized until after his death. One example is the "Monument to Balzac," which was commissioned by the Society of Literary Artists in 1891, but was rejected in 1898 due to the controversy caused by its bold nude and loungewear figures. The statue in loungewear was erected in Paris in 1939 to commemorate the junction of the Boulevard Raspail and the Boulevard Montparnasse. Rodin created many portrait sculptures for these monuments and for friends and acquaintances, and here too he departed from traditional portrait sculpture to show his unique expression of shadow. In his later years, he produced a series of works that explored the poses and movements of dancers, including Head of Hanako (1908), a Japanese dancer. He died on November 17, 1917 in Meudon, a suburb of Paris. The historic Paris mansion, Hôtel Biron, which Rodin purchased in his later years and used as his residence and studio, was donated to the French state along with all of his works in 1916 and is open to the public as the Musée National Rodin, and his Meudon studio is also open to the public as a museum. In Japan, a large number of Rodin's works from the Matsukata Collection are on display at the National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo. [Kimio Nakayama] "Complete Works of World Sculpture Art 12: Rodin, commentary by Sasa Hideya (1976, Shogakukan)" ▽ "Complete Works of Modern World Art 5: Rodin/Bourdelle, commentary by Tominaga Soichi (1971, Shueisha)" ▽ "Rodin, by E. A. Bourdelle, translated by Shimizu Takaji et al. (1968, Chikuma Shobo)" ▽ "Rodin, by Kikuchi Kazuo (1968, Chuokoron-Bijutsu Shuppan)" ▽ "The Life of Rodin, by B. Champignuel, translated by Koda Reiga (1982, Bijutsu Koronsha)" ▽ "Rodin, by Rilke, translated by Takayasu Kuniyo (1952, Jinbun Shoin)" [References] | | |1876 (original model), circa 1906 (casting), bronze, height 182.9 cm, owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art Rodin's "The Bronze Age" Before 1900 (original model) / before 1914 (casting) Bronze Height 85.1 cm Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Rodin's "The Walker" Circa 1880 (original model) / Circa 1910 (casting) Bronze Height 70.2 cm Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Rodin "The Thinker" 1881 (original model) 1907 (sculpture) Marble Height 71.1 cm Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Rodin's "Eternal Youth" A bronze statue of French novelist Balzac stands at the intersection of Boulevard Raspail and Boulevard Montparnasse in the heart of Montparnasse. Paris, France ©Masashi Tanaka "> Rodin's "Portrait of Balzac" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの彫刻家。生気に満ちた写実主義、モニュメンタルな表現性、象徴主義的なテーマ、彫刻を量塊(マッス)としてとらえ、その動きと表現的な肌によって周辺空間と関連させる手法などにより、19世紀の彫刻に活気を与え、現代彫刻への道を開いた近代彫刻最大の芸術家として知られる。 1840年11月12日、警視庁の職員を父としてパリに生まれる。14歳のときから3年、古典主義の彫刻家のもとで修業、国立美術学校を志すが三度にわたり失敗し、建築装飾のための石工をしながら、アントアーヌ・ルイ・バリー、カリエ・ベルーズたちに師事し、1871年には、カリエ・ベルーズのブリュッセル商品取引所の装飾彫刻の制作の助手をつとめる。それ以前の1864年には『鼻のつぶれた男』をサロンに出品するが落選。しかし、この作品の激しい肉づけによって、ロダンは醜のなかに美をみいだすという美学と、量塊としての表現性という後の彼の作品の核となるものを示している。1875年イタリアに遊学、とくにミケランジェロに感動し、「アカデミズムからの解放」を得る。1876年、その写実性の巧みさによって人体から直接型取りしたとのスキャンダルを生んだ『青銅時代』を発表、その清新なレアリスムとムーブマンの追求は、その後『歩く人』『洗礼者ヨハネ』などの作品へと展開する。とくに、頭部を欠く『歩く人』によって量塊としての存在感、表現性、動きなどの探求が深められる。1879~1882年にはセーブル製陶所のための模型の制作、パリ市庁舎のための『ダランベールの肖像』などがある。 1880年、パリ装飾美術館の門扉のための『地獄の門』の発注を受ける。しかしこの作品は、その後の40年近くの生涯の努力を傾けてなお未完成に終わった。残された石膏(せっこう)原型からの鋳造は、ロダンと親交のあった日本のコレクター松方幸次郎によって初めてなされた。ダンテの『神曲』に想を得たこの作品は、フィレンツェ洗礼堂のギベルティによる『天国の門』、システィナ礼拝堂の大壁画『最後の審判』、ブレイクやギュスターブ・ドレの版画『神曲』などのさまざまな刺激と、ロダンが愛した女弟子兼助手カミーユ・クローデルCamille Claudel(1856―1943。詩人ポール・クローデルの姉。大理石の女性頭部像『物思い』のモデルとされる)との悩み多い愛などを背景とし、総計186点の単独像を含んで構想されている。実際に、『考える人』、『接吻(せっぷん)』『永遠の青春』など、ロダンの大理石やブロンズによる名作の単独像が数多く、この構想の過程に実現されていった。この『地獄の門』およびその周辺に派生した単独像、群像は、ちょうど19世紀末から20世紀初頭にかけての象徴主義的芸術の全盛期に対応している。たとえば、『接吻』は、その大胆さにおいて、象徴派の画家たちが開発した愛と性のテーマに影響を与えたし、また、これが単に『神曲』中のパオロとフランチェスカの恋の物語ではなく、いわゆる「呪(のろ)われた女」との愛の表現だという解釈すらも提出されている。一方、彼を彫刻における印象派とする考えもあるが、これは、ロダンが印象派と同世代であり、モネたちと親交し、1889年にはモネと二人展を開催したこと、また、彫刻の肌のモデリングで光の効果を重視したことなどに由来している。 1884年、ロダンはカレー市と、百年戦争の際の英雄的な市民の記念碑の制作を契約、作品『カレーの市民』は1886年に制作されるが、さまざまな批判があったため、実際にカレー市で除幕されたのは1895年である。ロダンは、この作品以前にも、プロイセン・フランス戦争の際のパリ防衛記念の像に応募(コンクールでは当選せず、のちにベルダン防衛記念碑『国の護(まも)り』として没後の1922年除幕)し、1880年代以降もさまざまな記念碑の注文を受けているが、未完に終わった作品が多く、完成はしても、実現は彼の死後となったものが多い。『バルザック記念像』がその一例で、1891年に文芸家協会から注文を受け、大胆な部屋着姿と裸体像で物議を醸して1898年に引き取りは拒否され、部屋着姿の像がパリの町に建立されたのは1939年、ラスパイユ通りとモンパルナス通りの合流を記念してであった。ロダンはこうした記念碑のために、また友人知己のために、数多くの肖像彫刻を制作し、ここでも従来の伝統的な肖像彫刻を離れて個性的な陰影表現をみせている。晩年は、踊り子の姿態とムーブマンを追求した連作を発表したが、日本の踊り子『ハナコの頭部』(1908)なども制作された。1917年11月17日、パリ郊外ムードンで死去。 晩年ロダンが購入して住居とアトリエにしたパリの由緒ある邸館オテル・ビロンは、1916年に全作品とともにフランス国家に寄贈され、国立ロダン美術館として一般に公開されており、ムードンのアトリエも同じく美術館として公開されている。日本では、松方コレクションの大量のロダンの作品が、東京の国立西洋美術館で展示公開されている。 [中山公男] 『佐々英也解説『世界彫刻美術全集12ロダン』(1976・小学館)』▽『富永惣一解説『現代世界美術全集5 ロダン/ブールデル』(1971・集英社)』▽『E・A・ブルデル著、清水多嘉示他訳『ロダン』(1968・筑摩書房)』▽『菊池一雄著『ロダン』(1968・中央公論美術出版)』▽『B・シャンピニュエル著、幸田礼雅訳『ロダンの生涯』(1982・美術公論社)』▽『リルケ著、高安国世訳『ロダン』(1952・人文書院)』 [参照項目] | | |1876年(原型)・1906年ころ(鋳造) 青銅 高さ182.9cmメトロポリタン美術館所蔵"> ロダン『青銅時代』 1900年以前(原型)・1914年以前(鋳造) 青銅 高さ85.1cmメトロポリタン美術館所蔵"> ロダン『歩く人』 1880年ころ(原型)・1910年ころ(鋳造) 青銅 高さ70.2cmメトロポリタン美術館所蔵"> ロダン『考える人』 1881年ころ(原型)・1907年(彫造) 大理石 高さ71.1cmメトロポリタン美術館所蔵"> ロダン『永遠の青春』 モンパルナスの中心部、ラスパイユ通りとモンパルナス通りの交点に立つ、フランスの小説家バルザックのブロンズ像。フランス パリ©Masashi Tanaka"> ロダン『バルザック像』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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