Michaelson-Morley experiment - Michaelson-Morley experiment

Japanese: マイケルソン=モーリーの実験 - マイケルソンモーリーのじっけん
Michaelson-Morley experiment - Michaelson-Morley experiment
An experiment conducted to detect the motion of the Earth relative to the ether. A beam of light was split into two perpendicular directions, each traveling a distance between the mirror and the other, then recombined and interfered. The time it takes for light to travel the same distance in the direction in which the Earth moves relative to the ether and in the direction perpendicular to that differs, so a phase difference occurs between the two beams, resulting in interference fringes. If the entire apparatus is rotated 90 degrees, the phase difference changes, so the interference fringes should move. Michelson conducted the experiment in 1881, and he and Morley H. W. Morley (1838-1923) did the same in 1887. Many others subsequently repeated the experiment, but the results were negative, and no motion of the Earth relative to the ether was detected. This experiment caused serious difficulties for the ether hypothesis, and became the basis for Einstein's special theory of relativity.
→ Related topics Speed ​​of light | Fitzgerald | Lorentz | Lorentz contraction

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:
エーテルに対する地球の運動を検出するため行われた実験。光線を互いに垂直な2方向に分け,それぞれ鏡との間の距離を往復させた後再び合成して干渉させる。エーテルに対し地球が運動している方向と,それに垂直な方向では,同じ距離に対しても光の往復に要する時間が異なるので,二つの光線で位相の差を生じ,干渉じまを生じるが,装置全体を90°回転させれば位相差が変化するので干渉じまは移動するはずである。1881年マイケルソン,1887年彼とモーリーH.W.Morley〔1838-1923〕,以後多くの人が実験を繰り返したが結果は否定的で,エーテルに対する地球の運動は検出されなかった。この実験はエーテルの仮説に重大な困難を引き起こし,アインシュタインの特殊相対性理論を生む基礎になった。
→関連項目光速度|フィッツジェラルド|ローレンツ|ローレンツ収縮

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