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In the late Middle Ages, the right to occupy and cultivate the fields of the manors and imperial territories of the lower classes and the associated certain share of the profits (sakutokubun) were called sakuninshiki, sakushushiki, or hyakushoshiki. The land ownership rights of farmers from before, such as tsukute and nagano sakute, were absorbed into the myoden system, and the myoshu position was established, while the accumulated surplus of the farmers became kajishi and was held by the myoshu, and they became landlords. From around the latter half of the 14th century, these myoshu who became landlords and the farmers under them further separated their rights, creating new tokubun (sakutoku or sakushoku tokubun), which became sakushi that could be bought and sold outside the framework of the manors. During the Taiko land survey, both the title of myoshu and the title of landowner were denied.

[Jiro Shimada]

"Shoen System and Medieval Villages" by Jiro Shimada (2001, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中世後期の荘園・公領の名(みょう)田畠における下級の占有耕作権とそれに伴う一定の得分(とくぶん)（作徳分(さくとくぶん)）で、作人職(さくにんしき)、作主職(さくしゅしき)、または百姓職(ひゃくしょうしき)ともいう。作手(つくて)、永(なが)作手などの以前からの農民的な土地所有権が、名田(みょうでん)体制のなかに吸収されて名主職が成立する一方、蓄積された農民側の剰余は、加地子(かじし)となって名主に所持され、その地主(じしゅ)化が進んだ。この地主化した名主や、その下の作人が14世紀後半頃からさらにその権利を分離させ、新しい得分（作得または作職得分）を生み出し荘園の枠外で売買可能な作職となった。太閤(たいこう)検地で名主職(みょうしゅしき)・作職ともに否定された。

［島田次郎］

『島田次郎著『荘園制と中世村落』（2001・吉川弘文館）』

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