Baldwin, James Arthur

Japanese: ボールドウィン（英語表記）Baldwin， James Arthur

Born: August 2, 1924, New York
Died November 30, 1987, Saint-Paul-de-Vance. American black writer. Born in Harlem as the eldest of nine children, his father was a Baptist preacher. He became a preacher at age 14, but at age 17 he decided to pursue a career in literature. After working in various jobs, he went to Paris in 1948. He returned to Japan in 1957 in the midst of the civil rights movement. His novels include his autobiographical debut Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953), Giovanni's Room (56), which deals with homosexuality and raises the issue of responsibility and guilt towards others, Another Country (62), a masterpiece that explores the meaning of American life amid racial tension, Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone (68), and If Beale Street Could Talk (74). His other works include a collection of essays dealing with racial issues, Notes of a Native Son (55), Nobody Knows My Name (61), The Fire Next Time (63), No Name in the Streets (71), The Devil Finds Work (76), and the play Blues for Mr. Charlie (64).

Baldwin
Baldwin, Robert

Born May 12, 1804 in York, Upper Canada
Died December 9, 1858. A politician from York, Upper Canada. He started out as a lawyer in 1825, and entered politics in 1829 when he was elected to the Upper Canada House of Commons. In 1836, he traveled to England as a leader of the reform movement, and submitted the first request for responsible government in Canada to the Colonial Office. However, he did not take part in W. Mackenzie's rebellion in 1837, and was asked by Governor-General F. Bondhead to negotiate with the rebels. In 1841, he was elected to the United Canadian Provincial Assembly as a member of the reform party, and in September of the same year, he submitted a series of resolutions to the assembly calling for responsible government. In September 1842, Governor-General C. Bagot asked Baldwin to form a cabinet, and the first Baldwin-Lafontaine cabinet was formed, but it fell the following November. In the general election of 1848, the reform party won, and Governor-General Elgin again asked Baldwin and L. Lafontaine to form a cabinet, which marked the realization of responsible government in Canada. However, the moderate Baldwin disagreed with the radicals in his own party and resigned in 1951. He then suffered a defeat in the general election and retired from public life.

Baldwin
Baldwin, James Mark

Born January 12, 1861 in Columbia
[Died] November 8, 1934. Paris American philosopher and psychologist. After graduating from Princeton University, he studied at universities in Leipzig and Berlin, and after returning to Japan, he taught psychology at Princeton and Johns Hopkins University. He advocated developmental social psychology from the standpoint of evolutionary theory. In logic, he also explained thought from the standpoint of evolutionary theory. His philosophy was based on the dualistic method of developmental theory and non-developmental theory, and he believed that a kind of aesthetic experience is the connection and fusion of these opposing dualities. His major works are "Mental Development in the Child and the Race" (1895), "History of Psychology" (1913), and "Genetic Theory of Reality" (15).

Baldwin
Baldwin, Stanley, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley

Born: August 3, 1867, Baudrey, Worcestershire
[Died] December 14, 1947. Astley British politician. After graduating from Cambridge University, he joined the business world, but in 1908 he succeeded his father as a member of the House of Commons for the Conservative Party. In 1921 he was Secretary of State for Trade in the D. Lloyd George coalition government, and in 1922 he was Chancellor of the Exchequer in the A. Bonar Law government, before becoming Prime Minister in 1923. In 1924 he advocated a protective tariff policy to overcome the depression and ran in a general election, but was defeated and resigned. However, he formed a second cabinet in the same year and served until 1929, working to maintain the gold standard and handle the coal miners' strike. In 1931 he became the de facto leader of the National Unity Government headed by JR MacDonald as President of the Privy Council, and in 1935 he became Prime Minister again. In 1937 he retired, handing over his position to N. Chamberlain.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1924.8.2. ニューヨーク
[没]1987.11.30. サンポールドバンス
アメリカの黒人作家。バプテスト派の説教師を父に9人兄弟の長子としてハーレムに生れ，14歳のとき説教師になったが，17歳で文学を志し，種々の仕事を経て 1948年パリに渡った。 57年公民権運動のさなかに帰国。自伝的な処女作『山に登りて告げよ』 Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953) ，同性愛を扱いながら他者に対する責任，罪の意識の問題を取上げた『ジョバンニの部屋』 Giovanni's Room (56) ，人種関係の緊張のなかでアメリカ人の生の意味を追求した代表作『もう一つの国』 Another Country (62) ，『汽車はいつ頃出たんだろう』 Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone (68) ，『もしビーレ・ストリートに口あらば』 If Beale Street Could Talk (74) などの小説を発表した。ほかに人種問題を扱った評論集『アメリカの息子のノート』 Notes of a Native Son (55) ，『誰も私の名は知らない』 Nobody Knows My Name (61) ，『次は火だ!』 The Fire Next Time (63) ，『巷に名もなく』 No Name in the Streets (71) ，『悪魔にも仕事がある』 The Devil Finds Work (76) ，戯曲『白人へのブルース』 Blues for Mr. Charlie (64) などがある。

ボールドウィン
Baldwin， Robert

[生]1804.5.12. アッパーカナダ，ヨーク
[没]1858.12.9. アッパーカナダ，ヨーク
カナダの政治家。 1825年弁護士として世に出，29年アッパーカナダ植民地下院に選出されて政界に入る。 36年改革運動の指導者としてイギリスにおもむき，植民地省にカナダにおける責任政府実現の要請を初めて提出した。しかし 37年の W.マッケンジーの反乱には加担せず，総督の F.ボンドヘッドから反乱者との交渉を依頼されたりした。 41年連合カナダ植民地議会に改革派の一員として選出され，同年9月には責任政府を求める一連の決議を議会へ提出。 42年9月総督 C.バゴットはボールドウィンに組閣を依頼し，ここに第1次ボールドウィン＝ラフォンテーヌ内閣が成立したが，翌年 11月に倒れた。 48年の総選挙で改革派が勝利を占め総督エルギン (伯)は再びボールドウィンと L.ラフォンテーヌに組閣を依頼し，これがカナダにおける責任政府の実現となった。しかし穏健派のボールドウィンは自派の急進派と意見が合わず，51年辞任し，続いて総選挙にも敗北を喫して公生活から引退した。

ボールドウィン
Baldwin， James Mark

[生]1861.1.12. コロンビア
[没]1934.11.8. パリ
アメリカの哲学者，心理学者。プリンストン大学卒業後ライプチヒ，ベルリンの各大学に学び，帰国後プリンストン，ジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学などで心理学を教授。進化論に立ち発生的社会心理学を説いた。論理学においても，思惟を進化論の立場から説明した。彼の哲学は発生論と非発生論の二元的方法にあり，この対立する二元をつなぎ融合させるものが一種の美的経験であるとした。主著"Mental Development in the Child and the Race" (1895) ，"History of Psychology" (1913) ，"Genetic Theory of Reality" (15) 。

ボールドウィン
Baldwin， Stanley， 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley

[生]1867.8.3. ウスターシャー，ボードリー
[没]1947.12.14. アストリー
イギリスの政治家。ケンブリッジ大学を卒業後，実業界に入ったが，1908年父の跡を継いで保守党下院議員となった。 21年 D.ロイド・ジョージ連立内閣の商務相，22年 A.ボナー・ロー内閣の蔵相を経て，23年首相。 24年不況打開策に保護関税策を提唱して総選挙にのぞんだが敗れて辞任。しかし同年第2次内閣を組織し，29年まで在任，金本位制の保持や炭坑ストの処理にあたった。 31年 J.R.マクドナルドを首班とする挙国一致内閣の枢密院議長として，事実上の指導者となり，35年再び首相。 37年 N.チェンバレンに地位を譲り引退。

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