A method of statistically treating the behavior of a system of a very large number of particles that obey the laws of classical mechanics to derive the macroscopic properties of the system. The kinetic theory of gas molecules, which was started by D. Bernoulli in the 18th century, led to the establishment of statistical and probabilistic methods in the late 19th century through the research of J.C. Maxwell and L. Boltzmann. This is called classical statistics or Boltzmann statistics. With the development of quantum theory in the 20th century, Bose statistics for Bose particles such as photons and Fermi statistics for fermions such as electrons were introduced. In these quantum statistics, particles are considered to be indistinguishable from one another in principle, whereas classical statistics considers that particles can be distinguished from one another in principle, so different statistical methods are used for the two. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
古典力学の法則に従う非常に多数の粒子の系の行動を統計的に扱って系の巨視的性質を導き出す方法。 18世紀に D.ベルヌーイによって始められた気体分子運動論は,19世紀後半の J.C.マクスウェルや L.ボルツマンらの研究によって統計的・確率的方法が確立された。これを古典統計またはボルツマン統計という。 20世紀になって量子論の発展に伴って,光子などのボース粒子に対するボース統計と電子などのフェルミ粒子に対するフェルミ統計が導入された。これらの量子統計では原理的に粒子を互いに識別できないと考えるのに対し,古典統計では原理的には粒子を互いに識別できると考えるので,両者で異なった統計法が用いられる。
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