Boltzmann constant - Boltzmann constant

Japanese: ボルツマン定数 - ぼるつまんていすう(英語表記)Boltzmann constant
Boltzmann constant - Boltzmann constant

One of the universal constants introduced by the Austrian physicist Boltzmann. If the pressure of 1 mole of ideal gas is p , its volume is V , and its absolute temperature is T , then the equation of state pV = RT holds between these. The proportionality constant R is called the gas constant, and when this is divided by Avogadro's number (number of moles) N A , k = R / N A = 1.380658 x 10 -23 J・K -1
is called the Boltzmann constant. The energy of the center of mass motion of a gas molecule is

However, the average value (denoted by < >) for many molecules (or for one molecule over a long period of time) is

It is known that kT is the energy of the microscopic motion of matter in a system at temperature T. The Boltzmann constant also appears in the entropy formula S = k log W , which is famous because it is inscribed on Boltzmann's grave.

[Koide Shoichiro]

[References] | Entropy | Fermi-Dirac statistics | Universal constant | Bose-Einstein statistics | Boltzmann | Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

オーストリアの物理学者ボルツマンの導入した普遍定数の一つ。理想気体1モルの圧力をp、体積をV、絶対温度をTとすると、これらの間には状態方程式pVRTが成り立つ。比例定数Rは気体定数とよばれるが、これをアボガドロ数(モル分子数)NAで割ったもの
  kR/NA=1.380658×10-23J・K-1
をボルツマン定数という。気体分子の重心運動のエネルギーは

と書かれるが、多数の分子(または1個の分子の長時間)についての平均値(〈 〉で示す)は

となることが知られている。もっと一般に、固体や液体内の原子の不規則な運動についても同じ関係が成り立つ。したがってkTという量は、温度Tの系内の微視的な運動のエネルギーのだいたいの程度を示す量であると考えることができる。このため、kTは統計分布の式(フェルミ‐ディラック統計、ボース‐アインシュタイン統計、マクスウェル‐ボルツマン統計)において重要な役割を果たす。また、ボルツマンの墓に刻まれているので有名な、エントロピーの式SklogWにもボルツマン定数が出てくる。

[小出昭一郎]

[参照項目] | エントロピー | フェルミ‐ディラック統計 | 普遍定数 | ボース‐アインシュタイン統計 | ボルツマン | マクスウェル‐ボルツマン統計

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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