His real name was Radomïsl'skiy. He was a leader of the former Soviet Communist Party. He was of Jewish descent. He joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1901, and from 1903 he joined the Bolshevik faction. After the 1905 Revolution, he worked as Lenin's right-hand man in exile, and in 1917, after the February Revolution, he returned to Russia with Lenin on a "sealed train." However, in the process of preparing for the October Revolution that same year, he called it premature and opposed the uprising in the newspapers, which led to Lenin attacking him as a strikebreaker. After the October Revolution, he served as chairman of the Petrograd (later Leningrad, now St. Petersburg) Soviet and also as chairman of the Executive Committee of Comintern (Third International) (1919-26), leading the international revolutionary movement. After Lenin fell ill, he formed the "Troika" leadership with Stalin and Kamenev and became the mainstream of the party, and launched an anti-Trotsky campaign in 1923-24. However, in 1925, he opposed Stalin's theory of socialism in one country together with Kamenev, and in 1926, he joined forces with Trotsky but lost, and in 1927, he was expelled from the party. After that, he lost influence and was repeatedly reinstated and expelled, but in 1935, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison for instigating the assassination of Kirov. In August 1936, he was finally executed for organizing the Trotskyist-Zinovievist "Terrorist Center," which was the first step in Stalin's "Great Purge." He is also famous for the "Zinoviev Letter" incident, in which he was accused of inciting the British Communist Party to revolt in 1924. The Soviet Union claimed that this was a forgery, but this incident had a major impact, such as causing a major defeat for the Labour Party in the British general election that year and worsening Anglo-Soviet relations. In 1988, he was rehabilitated following perestroika. [Kazuo Fujimoto] "History of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, translated by Tadahiko Kawauchi (1928, Dojinsha Shoten)" [References] | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
本名ラドムイスリスキーРадомысльский/Radomïsl'skiy。旧ソ連共産党の指導者。ユダヤ系。1901年よりロシア社会民主労働党の活動に入り、03年以降はボリシェビキ派に属する。05年革命後、亡命地でレーニンの片腕として活動、17年、二月革命後にレーニンとともに「封印列車」で帰国したが、同年の十月革命を準備する過程で時機尚早を唱え、新聞紙上で蜂起(ほうき)に反対したため、レーニンからストライキ破りと攻撃された。十月革命後はペトログラード(後のレニングラード、現サンクト・ペテルブルグ)・ソビエト議長とともにコミンテルン(第三インターナショナル)執行委員会議長をも兼務(1919~26)、国際革命運動を指導した。レーニンの発病後、スターリン、カーメネフと「トロイカ」指導体制を形成して党主流となり、23~24年には反トロツキー・キャンペーンを繰り広げた。しかし、25年カーメネフとともにスターリンの一国社会主義論に反対し、26年トロツキーと結んだが敗れ、27年に党を除名された。以後、影響力を失い、復党、除名を繰り返すが、35年にはキーロフ暗殺事件扇動の罪で10年の刑を宣告された。さらに36年8月、トロツキスト・ジノビエビスト「テロリスト・センター」組織の罪でついに処刑され、これがスターリンによる「大粛清」の第一歩となる。彼はまた、1924年イギリス共産党に蜂起を教唆したとされる「ジノビエフ書簡」事件でも有名。ソ連はこれを偽造文書としたが、この事件は同年のイギリス総選挙での労働党の大敗を招き、英ソ関係を悪化させるなど大きな影響を及ぼした。1988年、ペレストロイカに伴い名誉回復された。 [藤本和貴夫] 『川内唯彦訳『ロシア社会民主労働党史』(1928・同人社書店)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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