A type of galvanomagnetic effect discovered by the American physicist E. H. Hall in 1879. When a magnetic field with magnetic flux density B is applied perpendicular to a semiconductor or metal plate through which a current flows, an electric field (called the Hall electric field EH ) is generated perpendicular to the current and magnetic field , generating an electromotive force. When an electric field E is applied to an n-type semiconductor at the same time as a magnetic field perpendicular to it, the electrons move in the opposite direction to the electric field at an average speed v (= μ E ) (μ is the mobility that indicates the degree of ease of movement of the electrons). Then, the electrons receive a force proportional to the product of the speed v and the magnetic flux density in a direction perpendicular to both the direction of movement and the direction of the magnetic flux, and the direction of their movement gradually becomes bent. As a result, the electrons move in an arc in a direction that forms an angle θ with the opposite direction to the electric field on average. This is because in semiconductors, when electrons move with a certain degree of acceleration, they collide with crystal lattices or impurities and come to a stop, then they start again and repeat the same movement, moving at a constant average speed. As a result, the electrons are swept to the left side of , so the left side becomes negatively charged, and an electric field is generated perpendicular to the electric field and pointing to the right. This is called the Hall electric field. In addition, a voltage is generated as a result of the charge being biased on both sides of the semiconductor piece. The voltage generated at this time is called the Hall electromotive force.[Masatoshi Mitaka] [Reference] | | effect©Shogakukan "> Hall effect (example of n-type semiconductor) [Diagram] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1879年にアメリカの物理学者E・H・ホールが発見した電流磁気効果の一種。電流の流れている半導体や金属の板に垂直に磁束密度Bの磁場をかけると、電流と磁場に垂直な方向に電場(ホール電場EHという)が生じ起電力が発生することをいう。 n形半導体に電場Eと同時にそれと直角の方向に磁場を加えた場合、電子は電場と反対方向に平均速度v(=μE)で移動する(μは電子の動きやすさの程度を示す移動度)。すると、電子は速度vと磁束密度との積に比例した力を、運動の方向と磁束の方向との両者に直角の方向に受けて、その運動方向がしだいに曲げられてくる。その結果、電子は弧を描きながら平均として電場と反対方向に対しある角度θをなす方向に進む。これは、半導体中では、電子はある程度加速されて移動すると、結晶格子あるいは不純物などに衝突して静止し、ふたたび振り出しに戻って同様の運動を繰り返しながら一定の平均速度で移動しているからである。このため、電子は で左側に掃き寄せられるので左側が負に帯電し、電場に対して直角方向右向きの電場を生ずることになる。これをホール電場とよんでいる。また、半導体片の両側面に電荷が偏った結果として電圧が発生する。このとき発生する電圧をホール起電力とよぶ。[右高正俊] [参照項目] | |©Shogakukan"> ホール効果(n形半導体の例)〔図〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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