Solar House - Sorahausu (English spelling) solar house

Japanese: ソーラーハウス - そーらーはうす（英語表記）solar house

This refers to houses and other buildings whose form, structure, materials, and equipment are designed to fully utilize solar heat for hot water and heating. The term was first used in a Chicago newspaper around 1930 to describe a glass-walled house, and in Japan it was first used by Yanagimachi Masanosuke in 1956 (Showa 31) in his own home. Technological developments have progressed since the 1973 oil crisis, and since then, due to global environmental issues and rising fuel costs, these buildings have attracted attention as energy-saving buildings, and the number of them being built has increased. However, efficiency is poor if the location conditions are not good, such as poor sunlight in winter.

[Kunio Matsuura]

Classification

A system in which solar radiation is collected on the roof or walls and heat is stored and released using mechanical power from pumps, fans, etc. to provide hot water and heating/cooling is called a mechanical (active) solar house. On the other hand, a natural (passive) solar house is one in which the surrounding walls are well insulated, solar radiation is taken in through glass windows, and the heat is stored by directing it to walls and floors made of materials with high thermal capacity such as bricks, and the collected heat is distributed within the building using temperature differences without using mechanical power.

[Kunio Matsuura]

Heat collecting surface

The shape of a solar house is determined by where the heat collection surface will be used. If the purpose is to generate hot water and space heating in winter, it is best for the heat collection surface to face south and be tilted at an angle of 15 degrees above the latitude of the land from the horizontal. The roof itself can be used as the heat collection surface, or the house can be installed on a balcony. The most commonly used collector is a flat type made of glass-covered metal plate with pipes for passing water and air.

[Kunio Matsuura]

Solar hot water and heating/cooling

As solar radiation is unstable depending on the weather, the collected heat is stored in a heat storage tank (a well-insulated water tank for water-type systems, a crushed stone tank for air-type systems). The high-temperature water that has been heat exchanged at the top of the heat storage water tank is used for hot water supply, and the middle layer is used as a radiator for heating. There is also a way to send excess heat to a separate underground heat storage tank for long-term use. Sometimes floor heating panels are used instead of radiators. Solar cooling uses an absorption chiller, which works on the same principle as a gas refrigerator, but it requires a high-temperature heat source and is not economical as the equipment costs are high.

[Kunio Matsuura]

"Introduction to Solar Houses" by Kenichi Kimura (1980, Ohmsha)" ▽ "Handbook of Solar Energy Utilization" (1985), edited and published by the Japan Solar Energy Society"

[Reference item] | Solar heat utilization equipment

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

太陽熱が十分に給湯や暖房に利用できるよう、建物の形態・構造・材料・設備などをくふうした住宅などの建物をいう。1930年ごろシカゴの新聞がガラス張りの住宅をこうよんだのが初めであり、日本では56年（昭和31）柳町政之助が自宅に試みたのが最初である。1973年の石油危機以後技術開発が進み、その後も地球環境問題や燃料費の高騰などから、省エネルギーの建物として注目され、建築数も増えている。ただし、冬季の日照条件など、立地条件がよくないと効率が悪くなる。

［松浦邦男］

分類

屋根や壁に太陽放射の集熱器を備え、ポンプ、ファンなど機械力を用いて蓄熱・放熱させ、給湯・暖冷房を行う方式を機械的（アクティブ）ソーラーハウスとよぶ。一方、周壁の断熱を十分よくし、ガラス窓から太陽放射を取り入れ、れんがなど熱容量の大きい材料の壁や床に直接当てて蓄熱し、機械力を用いず温度差を利用して集めた熱を建物内に分配する方式を自然的（パッシブ）ソーラーハウスとよぶ。

［松浦邦男］

集熱面

ソーラーハウスの形態は集熱面をどこに使うかで決まる。冬の給湯・暖房を目的とする場合は集熱面を南向きとし、水平面からの傾きをその土地の緯度プラス15度とするのが最適である。屋根そのものを集熱面としたり、バルコニーに設置する。集熱器としては、水や空気を通すパイプのついた金属板をガラスで覆った平板型がもっともよく用いられる。

［松浦邦男］

太陽熱給湯および暖冷房

太陽放射は天候により不安定であるので、集めた熱は蓄熱槽（水式は十分保温した水槽、空気式は砕石槽）に蓄える。蓄熱水槽の上部で熱交換された高温の水を給湯に、中層部分を暖房用の放熱器に回す。余分の熱を長期用の別の地下蓄熱槽に送り込むくふうもある。放熱器のかわりに床暖房パネルを用いることもある。太陽熱冷房にはガス冷蔵庫と同じ原理の吸収式冷凍機を用いるが、高温の熱源が必要であり、また設備費が高く経済的でない。

［松浦邦男］

『木村建一著『ソーラーハウス入門』（1980・オーム社）』▽『日本太陽エネルギー学会編・刊『太陽エネルギー利用ハンドブック』（1985）』

[参照項目] | 太陽熱利用設備

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例

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