The capital of Volgograd Oblast in the southwest of Russia. A major economic, transport and administrative center on the Volga River. Population 1 million (1999). It was called Tsaritsin until 1925, and Stalingrad until 1961. Various industries had been developed in the city before the Russian Revolution (1917), and after the revolution it became one of the bases for industrialization in the Soviet Union, and a large tractor factory was built, whose production volume accounted for one-third of the Soviet Union's tractor production until World War II. Currently, various industries such as machinery (shipbuilding, tractors, motors, oil industry equipment, medical equipment), steel, aluminum, oil refining, wood processing, food, and cement are thriving. It is a junction of railways and roads, has a large river port on the Volga River, and has an airport. In addition to having administrative functions as the capital of Volgograd Oblast, the city also has developed educational and cultural functions, with facilities such as the universities of education, urban economy, mechanics, and medicine, the defense museum, and the local museum. The city stretches for 70 kilometers along the right bank of the Volga River. As it is located in an arid region, efforts are being made to green the city. There are many World War II memorials in the city, including Mamayevsky Hill, which has a memorial building built between 1963 and 1967, and foreign tourists have begun to visit. [Taizo Nakamura] historyIts origins date back to 1589, when a fortress was built at a key transportation point where the Volga and Don rivers meet (the point where the Tsaritsa River flows into the Volga). In the 17th and 18th centuries, it was the scene of peasant uprisings and ethnic rebellions, and was occupied temporarily by Stenka Razin's army in 1670 and by Pugachev's army in 1774. Since 1782, it has been the district seat of Saratov Governorate. In the 19th century, wood processing, oil, and metallurgy industries developed, and it became a major center of commerce, industry, and transportation. The population reached 55,000 by the end of the 19th century. During the civil war after the revolution, the first full-scale battle between the revolutionary and counter-revolutionary forces took place here (the "Defense of Tsaritsyn" in 1918), and the Red Army successfully defended this important base thanks to the efforts of Stalin and others. During the Great Patriotic War (World War II), the seven-month Battle of Stalingrad (1942-43) took place here, and although the town was completely destroyed, the Soviet army thwarted the ambitions of the Nazi German army. After the war, the town was rapidly rebuilt, and in 1961 it was renamed from Stalingrad to its current name, and in 1965 it was awarded the Order of Lenin. It was one of the Soviet "hero cities". With the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991, it became a city of the Russian Federation. [Takeo Kuryuzawa] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ロシア連邦南西部、ボルゴグラード州の州都。ボルガ川沿岸の経済、交通、行政の大中心都市。人口100万(1999)。1925年までツァリーツィンЦарицын/Tsaritsïn、61年までスターリングラードСталинград/Stalingradと称した。ロシア革命(1917)前より各種工業が発展していたが、革命後、ソ連の工業化のための拠点の一つとなり、大トラクター工場が建設され、この工場の生産高は、第二次世界大戦までソ連のトラクター生産の3分の1を占めるといわれた。現在、機械(造船、トラクター、モーター、石油工業用設備、医療機器)、鉄鋼、アルミニウム、石油精製、木材加工、食品、セメントなどの各種工業が発展している。鉄道、道路の分岐点で、ボルガ川に大河港を有し、空港もある。また、ボルゴグラード州の州都として行政機能をもつほか、教育・文化機能も発達し、教育、都市経済、機械、医科の各大学、防衛博物館、郷土博物館などの施設がある。市域はボルガ川右岸に沿って細長く70キロメートルにわたって延びている。乾燥地域にあるため、市内の緑化に力が入れられている。市内には1963~67年に建設された記念建築物のある「ママエフの丘」をはじめとして、第二次世界大戦の記念碑が多数あり、外国人観光客も訪れるようになった。 [中村泰三] 歴史1589年、ボルガ、ドン両川の接近する交通の要所(ボルガ川にツァリツァ川が注ぎ込む地点)に要塞(ようさい)が建築されたのが起源である。17~18世紀、農民蜂起(ほうき)や諸民族の反乱の舞台となり、1670年にはステンカ・ラージン、1774年にはプガチョフ軍によって一時占領された。1782年以来サラトフ県内の郡庁所在地となる。19世紀には木材加工業、石油、冶金(やきん)工業などが発展し、商・工業、交通の一大中心地となる。人口も19世紀末には5万5000になった。革命後の国内戦期には、革命軍と反革命軍の間の最初の本格的な決戦が行われ(1918年の「ツァリーツィンの防衛」)、赤軍はスターリンらの活躍でこの重要拠点の防衛に成功した。また大祖国戦争(第二次世界大戦)期にはここを舞台に7か月にわたる「スターリングラードの戦い」が行われ(1942~43)、町は完全に破壊されたが、ソ連軍はナチス・ドイツ軍の野望をくじいた。戦後急速に復興し、1961年にはスターリングラードから現名称に改称され、1965年レーニン勲章を授与された。ソ連「英雄都市」の一つであった。1991年12月のソ連崩壊に伴いロシア連邦の一都市となる。 [栗生沢猛夫] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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