Homeostasis

Japanese: ホメオスタシス - ほめおすたしす(英語表記)homeostasis
Homeostasis

This refers to the ability of an organism or a living system to maintain a stable order as an individual or system while constantly being subjected to changes in the external and internal environment. It is also called homeostasis. C. Bernard of France proposed the idea that the state of body fluids has a regulatory function that keeps it constant even when the environment changes, but Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945) of the United States developed this idea and applied it to the homeostasis of body temperature in warm-blooded animals and the defense mechanisms of living organisms. When Cannon proposed the term homeostasis, he said that it did not mean a fixed and immovable state, but rather "a steady state that is stable while changing." The nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system are effective in maintaining homeostasis, but Cannon focused particularly on the function of the autonomic nervous system. For example, body temperature is automatically regulated unconsciously by the function of the autonomic nervous system. By increasing the ability of automatic control, an organism can become independent of the external environment and increase its degree of freedom. All vertebrates have the ability to regulate the osmotic pressure of body fluids through the kidneys, while birds and mammals have the ability to regulate body temperature. This is called physiological homeostasis, but there are different levels of homeostasis that are defined by expanding on this concept. Ecological homeostasis refers to the stability of the social and ecological relationships of a group of organisms, while behavioral or psychological homeostasis refers to the constancy of the behavioral patterns of animals. Developmental homeostasis refers to the maintenance of homeostasis at each developmental stage, accompanied by qualitative changes, even though the life of an organism is a dynamic process of change.

[Seiichiro Kawashima]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生物体または生物システムが間断なく外的および内的環境の変化を受けながらも、個体またはシステムとしての秩序を安定した状態に保つ働きをいう。恒常性ともよぶ。フランスのC・ベルナールが、体液の状態は環境が変化しても一定に保たれるような調節作用があるという考えを発表したが、アメリカのキャノンWalter B. Cannon(1871―1945)はこの考えを発展させ、恒温動物における体温の恒常性、生物の防衛手段にも当てはめた。キャノンはホメオスタシスの用語を提唱したとき、固定して動かない状態を意味するのではなく、「変化しつつも安定した定常的状態」を意味すると述べた。ホメオスタシスの維持に有効に働くのは、神経系、内分泌系、免疫系であるが、キャノンはとくに自律神経系の働きに注目した。自律神経の働きにより、たとえば体温は無意識のうちに自動的に調節される。自動制御の能力が増すことによって生物はそれだけ外部環境から独立して自由度を増すことができる。腎臓(じんぞう)による体液の浸透圧調節能力はすべての脊椎(せきつい)動物に備わっているが、体温調節能力は鳥類と哺乳(ほにゅう)類に備わっている。これらを生理的ホメオスタシスとよぶが、この概念を拡大して定義される異なるレベルでのホメオスタシスがある。生態学的ホメオスタシスは生物群の社会的・生態的関係が安定していることをさし、動物の行動様式が一定であるのは行動学的あるいは心理学的ホメオスタシスという。発生学的ホメオスタシスとは、生物の一生は動的な変化の過程であるが、質的変化を伴いながら、それぞれの発生段階でホメオスタシスを維持していることをさす。

[川島誠一郎]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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