Potlatch

Japanese: ポトラッチ(英語表記)potlatch
Potlatch
A ritual of Native Americans along the North Pacific coast, in which one distributes one's wealth to show off one's official status. In Chinook terms, it means "gift-giving" and is held among the Tlingit, Tsimshian, Haida, Bella Coola, North and South Kwakiutl, Coast Salish, and Lower Chinook peoples from northern Oregon to southern Alaska. Each has its own characteristics, but generally, a banquet of various sizes is held depending on the host's status, and neighbors are invited and gifts are given according to their rank. The host and his relatives show off their status by displaying their generosity to the maximum. It is held for reasons such as the introduction of a successor, marriage, and funeral, as well as for trivial reasons such as the growth of hair on a baby, and sometimes to make up for dishonorable behavior. The invited person returns the favor by holding a lavish banquet on some occasion. If the return is not sufficient, they may be reduced to the status of a slave. The Southern Kwakiutl potlatch was at its most spectacular between 1840 and 1925, when thousands of blankets, masks, canoes, and other items were distributed during days of feasting, as well as motorboats, sewing machines, enamelware, clothing, wheat, sugar, and other items imported from Europe, but it has since become rare, mainly for economic reasons.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
北太平洋沿岸のアメリカインディアンの儀礼で,公的な地位を誇示するために自分の富を分配する行為をいう。チヌーク族の用語で「贈答」を意味し,オレゴン州北部からアラスカ州南部にかけて,トリンギット,チムシアン,ハイダ,ベラ・クーラ,南・北クワキウトル,沿岸サリシュ,下チヌークの諸民族の間で行われる。それぞれ特徴があるが,一般に主催者の地位により大小さまざまの祝宴が開かれ,近隣の人々を招き,その階級に応じて贈物をする。このとき主催者とその親族は気前のよさを最大限に発揮してその地位を誇る。後継者の披露,結婚,葬礼などから,赤ん坊の発毛といった些細な理由でも行われ,ときには不名誉な行為の挽回のために行われることもある。招待された者は,なにかの機会により盛大な祝宴を開いて答礼する。答礼が十分でない場合には,相手の奴隷身分に落されることもある。南クワキウトル族のポトラッチは 1840~1925年頃最も盛大に行われ,何日も続く祝宴の間に何千枚もの毛布や仮面,カヌーなどに加えて,ヨーロッパから輸入したモーターボートやミシン,ほうろう引きの器,衣類,コムギ,砂糖などが配られた。しかしその後主として経済的理由によりほとんど行われなくなった。

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