Founder - Hokkinin

Japanese: 発起人 - ほっきにん
Founder - Hokkinin

A promoter is a person who signs the articles of incorporation as the planner of the incorporation of a joint-stock company. Even if a person is the actual planner of the incorporation, he or she is not a promoter unless he or she signs the articles of incorporation as a promoter. There are no restrictions on the qualifications of a promoter. Therefore, a promoter can be either a person with limited legal capacity or a corporation. As a planner of the incorporation, a promoter is required to subscribe for at least one share of stock. By subscribing to such shares, a company under incorporation is born, which is an organization (association) that does not have legal personality but is the same as a company after establishment. This company under incorporation will further form an entity (the act of organizing the company) in preparation for the incorporation of the company, and will become a company with legal personality through the incorporation registration. The act of organizing the company under incorporation is carried out by the promoter. The directors and auditors appointed at the incorporation stage supervise the incorporation procedures of such promoters.

If promoters neglect their duties, they will be liable for damages to the company. If their neglect is due to malice or gross negligence, they will also be liable for damages to third parties who suffer damages as a result. Even if the company does not become established, promoters are recognized as having heavy responsibility to creditors and subscribers. In other words, they will be held jointly and severally liable to the company's creditors and will be required to repay the full amount of their capital contributions to subscribers.

[Kazuyuki Nagai]

[Reference items] | Corporation | Auditors | Articles of Incorporation | Directors

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

株式会社の設立の企画者として、定款に署名した者をいう。実質的な設立の企画者であっても、定款に発起人として署名しない限り、発起人ではない。発起人の資格については、なんらの制限も定められていない。よって、制限行為能力者でも、法人でもよい。発起人は設立の企画者として、少なくとも自ら1株以上の株式を引き受けることが義務づけられている。発起人のそのような株式引受けによって、設立中の会社という、法人格はないが、成立後の会社と同じ組織(社団)が誕生する。この設立中の会社は、会社の成立に向けて、さらに実体形成(会社の組織を整える行為)をなし、設立登記によって、法人格を有する会社となるのである。この設立中の会社が、その会社組織を整えていく行為は、発起人によって行われる。設立段階で選任された取締役・監査役はそのような発起人の設立手続を監督する。

 発起人はこのような職務を怠ると、会社に対して損害賠償責任を負う。もし、その職務懈怠(けたい)が悪意・重過失による場合は、それによって損害を受けた第三者に対しても、損害賠償責任を負う。会社不成立の場合にも、発起人には債権者や株式引受人に対する重い責任が認められている。すなわち、会社債権者には連帯責任を負い、株式引受人には出資金を全額返済することになる。

[永井和之]

[参照項目] | 株式会社 | 監査役 | 定款 | 取締役

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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