vassallus

Japanese: vassallus

...As can be seen from this example, the relationship of master and servant established by the vassal was a patrimonial one with a strong tinge of servitude. This is why the vassals were called vassus or vassallus (from medieval Latin, derived from the Celtic word gwas, meaning vassal). Later, however, only those who served in the military came to be called vassus or vassalus (these words later came to mean feudal vassals), and on the other hand, they merged with the "vassals" of the Germanic antiquity (the vassal relationship was established only by an oath of loyalty), and gradually the original meaning of "feudal vassal" was established. ...

From [Feudalism]

...The relationship of domination between the master and his subjects was a patrimonial one with a strong tinge of servitude. This Roman custom continued into the Frankish Empire, but the chaos in the security situation and the invasion of foreign enemies increased the need for the formation of private armies, and many of the subjects were used for military service and were called vassus or vassalus. On the other hand, a free military relationship of master and servant existed among the Germanic peoples, known as the vassal system, and this and the practice from the Roman era gradually merged due to the commonality of their functions, and in the second half of the 8th century, the original meaning of the vassal system was established.

*Some of the terminology that mentions "vassallus" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…この例からもわかるように，託身によって設定される主従関係は，隷属的な色彩の強い〈家産制的〉支配関係である。託身者がウァススvassus，ウァサルスvassallus(隷属者を意味するケルト語のグワスgwasに由来する中世ラテン語)と呼ばれたのも，そのためである。しかしのちには，彼らの中で軍事勤務に服する者だけがウァスス，ウァサルス(これらの語はのちには封建家臣を意味するに至った)と呼ばれるようになり，他方で，彼らとゲルマン古代以来の〈従士〉(従士関係は誠実の宣誓のみによって設定された)とが融合し，しだいに本来の意味の〈封建家臣〉が成立するに至った。…

【封建制度】より

…この主人と被護民との間の支配関係は，隷属的色彩の強い〈家産制〉的支配関係である。ローマ時代のこの慣行はフランク王国の時代にも引き継がれたが，そこにおける治安の混乱と外敵の侵入とは，私兵隊形成の必要性を高め，被護民の中には軍事勤務に利用されてウァススvassus，ウァサルスvassallusと呼ばれた者も少なくない。　他方で，ゲルマン人の間には〈従士制度〉と呼ばれる自由な軍事的主従関係が存在していたが，これとローマ時代以来の慣行とが，両者の機能の共通性のゆえにしだいに融合して，8世紀後半には本来の意味の〈家士制〉が成立することになった。…

※「vassallus」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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