Pavement - hoso (English spelling)

Japanese: 舗装 - ほそう(英語表記)pavement
Pavement - hoso (English spelling)

A road surface structure that has been treated to protect and strengthen the road surface. If the road surface is left untreated, it will absorb large amounts of water and become muddy, and if it dries out too much, dust will rise and become a major hindrance to traffic. For this reason, strengthening the road surface, improving its flatness, preventing dust, and improving the convenience of traffic has been a wish of people since ancient times.

Modern pavement was created by Telford Telford and JL McAdam, both born in the 19th century in England. These two men invented a separate type of rational crushed stone road. Also in the 19th century, cement was invented, and concrete roads using cement and asphalt roads using mined rock asphalt were invented, but these pavements did not see any major development until the automobile came into practical use in the 20th century.

Pavement has a layered structure consisting of several layers, each with its own role. The layered structure can be broadly divided into the surface layer and the roadbed, and the surface layer must be able to support the load, maintain a smooth surface, and withstand wear. It must also have sufficient friction to resist slipping, be waterproof, and be highly resistant to the destructive effects of freezing and thawing. The main role of the roadbed is to distribute the load acting on the surface layer and transfer it safely to the roadbed.

There are many different types of pavements in use, each with a different structure to suit the quality and quantity of traffic they serve. These can be broadly classified into cement concrete pavements, asphalt pavements, and simple pavements.

The thickness of road pavement is the total thickness of the surface layer of asphalt or concrete and the roadbed underneath, which is determined mainly by traffic volume and the bearing capacity of the roadbed. When traffic volume is high and the roadbed bearing capacity is particularly weak, the thickness is about 90 centimeters. On the Tomei Expressway, the asphalt pavement is about 50 centimeters thick, of which the asphalt surface layer and base layer are each about 15 centimeters thick.

The paved road ratio in Japan is becoming quite high for roads of prefectural or higher ranks. However, there is still some gap compared to Europe and the US, and the paved road ratio of municipal roads is particularly low. In addition, paving of newly constructed roads such as expressways, local bypass roads and streets, as well as maintenance and repair of existing road paving, must continue in the future.

[Kazuhiro Yoshikawa]

Road pavement structure
©Shogakukan ">

Road pavement structure


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

道路面を保護強化するために処理された路面構造物。路面は未処理のままでは水分を大量に吸収してぬかるみとなり、乾燥しすぎればほこりがたって交通上大きな障害になる。このため路面を強化し、平坦(へいたん)性を高めて防塵(ぼうじん)効果をあげ、交通の便を図ることは昔からの人々の願いであったといえる。

 近代舗装は19世紀イギリスの生んだテルフォードT. TelfordとマカダムJ. L. McAdamとによってもたらされた。この2人は別個の形式の合理的な砕石道を考案した。また19世紀にはセメントが発明され、これを使ったコンクリート道路や、採掘したロックアスファルトを用いたアスファルト道路も考案されたが、これらの舗装が大きな発展をみたのは、20世紀になって自動車が実用化されてからである。

 舗装は数層からなる層構造をもち、各層はそれぞれの役目を分担する。層構造は大別すると表層と路盤とになり、表層は荷重を受けて平滑な面を維持し、摩耗に耐えるものでなければならない。また滑りに対してかなり抵抗のできる摩擦をもち、かつ防水性で、凍結融解の破壊作用にも大きな抵抗のあることが必要である。路盤は、表層に作用する荷重を分散させて安全に路床に伝えるのがおもな役割である。

 舗装は、その供用する交通の質と量に対応するよう種々の構造をもつ多種多様の形式のものが実用に供されているが、これを大別すると、セメントコンクリート舗装、アスファルト舗装、簡易舗装に分類することができる。

 道路舗装の厚さは、アスファルトやコンクリートなどの表層部とその下の路盤の合計厚であるが、それはおもに交通量と路床の支持力とによって決定される。交通量が多く、路床支持力がとくに弱い場合には90センチメートル程度の厚さになる。東名高速道路では舗装厚は約50センチメートルのアスファルト舗装で、そのうちアスファルト表層・基層部の厚さはそれぞれ15センチメートル程度である。

 日本の道路舗装率は、都道府県道以上の道路ではかなり高くなってきている。しかし、欧米に比べるとまだいくらかの隔たりがあり、とくに市町村道の舗装率が低い。また、高速道路や各地のバイパス道路や街路など新設される道路の舗装や既設の道路舗装の維持、修繕も、今後引き続いて実施されなければならない。

[吉川和広]

道路舗装の構造
©Shogakukan">

道路舗装の構造


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