Hospitalism - hosupitarisumu (English spelling) hospitalism

Japanese: ホスピタリズム - ほすぴたりずむ(英語表記)hospitalism
Hospitalism - hosupitarisumu (English spelling) hospitalism

This disorder occurs when children are separated from their parents and cared for in groups in institutions such as hospitals and hospitals, and one-to-one emotional relationships are weak. The disorder was first identified by a German pediatrician around 1920. It was reported that despite the thorough medical care in institutions, the mortality rate was high, and despite the nutritionally correct food given, physical development was poor. After that, medical conditions were improved and the physical problems were solved, but researchers, mainly in the UK, began to point out psychological problems. These included delayed intellectual ability and language development, and the emergence of severe habits. Furthermore, it was said that emotionally, children in institutions were less expressive and less able to build warm relationships with others, and that they were at risk of becoming cold-hearted and delinquent. It was even argued that "any good institution is inferior to a bad home."

As a result, in the UK, there was a change in thinking about child welfare institutions, efforts began to be made to provide children with an environment as close as possible to a home-like environment, and the foster parent system was promoted. That is, for children under the age of three in particular, one-to-one emotional relationships were realized through physical contact and play, and as a result, the children's expressions became brighter, their mannerisms became fewer, and their intellectual development progressed smoothly. However, delays in language development remained, but this is also being addressed by increasing linguistic stimulation. In Japan, psychological problems have improved considerably since nursery teachers (and nursery teachers since 1999) began to be employed in infant homes.

However, the number of children with hospitalism symptoms at home is increasing. This is due to the lack of physical contact and verbal stimulation from parents towards their infants, which has led to doubts about maternal love.

[Nobuyoshi Hirai]

"The Reality of Group Child Care - Personality Development and Group Approaches" by Tetsuo Takenaka (1987, Minerva Shobo) " "A Study of Hospitalism - The Actual Situation in Infant Home Care in Japan and the History of Overcoming It" by Tamotsu Kaneko (1994, Kawashima Shoten)

[Reference] | Foster care system | Infant homes

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

乳児院や病院などで、子供が親から離されて集団のなかで保育され、一対一の情緒的な関係が希薄なときにおこる障害をいう。その障害は、1920年ごろドイツの小児科医によって指摘された。乳児院において医学的に管理が行き届いているにもかかわらず、死亡率が高く、また栄養素が整っている食物を与えているにもかかわらず、身体発育が悪いなどが報告された。その後、医学的な面での保育条件に改善が加えられ、身体上の問題は解決されたが、心理的な面での問題が、イギリスを中心とした研究者によって指摘されるようになった。すなわち、知的能力や言語発達の遅れ、著しい癖の出現などである。さらに、情緒面では、表情に乏しく、他人との温かい関係をつくる能力に欠け、ついには冷たい人格の持ち主となり、非行に走る危険性があることがいわれ、「いかなるよい施設も、悪い家庭に劣る」とさえ主張されるに至った。

 その結果、イギリスにおいては、児童福祉施設に対する考え方に変革が生じ、できるだけ家庭的処遇に近い状況を子供に与える努力が始まり、里親制度が振興されるようになった。すなわち、とくに3歳未満の子供に対しては、一対一の情緒的関係が、スキンシップや遊びを通して実現されるようになり、それに伴って、子供の表情も明るく、癖も少なくなり、知的発達も順調に行われるようになった。しかし、言語発達の遅れが残っていたが、これも、言語的刺激を多くすることによって解決されようとしている。わが国では、乳児院に保母(1999年以後保育士)を採用するようになってから、心理的問題はかなり改善されてきた。

 ところが、家庭においてホスピタリズム症状をもっている子供が増加している。それは、両親の乳児に対するスキンシップや言語的刺激が少ないことが原因で、その点で母性愛に疑問がもたれるようになってきている。

[平井信義]

『竹中哲夫著『児童集団養護の実際――人格の発達と集団へのアプローチ』(1987・ミネルヴァ書房)』『金子保著『ホスピタリズムの研究――乳児院保育における日本の実態と克服の歴史』(1994・川島書店)』

[参照項目] | 里親制度 | 乳児院

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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