The practice of contracting out farming of fields began in the mid-Heian period. As private ownership of land progressed in the 9th century, feudal lords contracted out certain amounts of land to peasants to secure annual taxes. This could be seen in manors and kokuga lands, and the method was to have peasants submit a contract every spring, and pay annual taxes, land rent, and government property in the fall. The right to cultivate was unstable, as the contract was renewed every year. It became widespread after the Kamakura period, but by the Edo period it became the equivalent of the modern-day term "tenant farming." [Masaki Watanabe] "Medieval Society of Japan" by Keiji Nagahara (1968, Iwanami Shoten) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
平安時代中期以降から始まった田地請負耕作の慣行。9世紀土地私有が進展するなかで、領主は農民たちに一定の田地を請け負わせ年貢の確保を図った。荘園(しょうえん)、国衙(こくが)領を通じてみられるが、そのやり方は、毎年春季に請文(うけぶみ)(契約書)を提出させ、秋季に年貢、地子(じし)、官物(かんもつ)を納入させるというものである。契約が毎年更新されるなど、耕作権としては不安定なものだった。鎌倉時代以後広く行われたが、江戸時代に至ると現在の小作に相当する語となる。 [渡辺正樹] 『永原慶二著『日本の中世社会』(1968・岩波書店)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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