Example - Nasolabial fold

Japanese: 法例 - ほうれい
Example - Nasolabial fold

This law prescribes the application of laws. It was Act No. 10 of 1898. It has 34 articles in total, and includes provisions on the effective date of the law (Article 1) and the legal effect of custom (Article 2), as well as provisions on private international law regarding the determination and application of the governing law (applicable law). The "Act on General Rules for Application of Laws" (Act No. 78 of 2006) came into effect on January 1, 2007, but legal precedents still apply to some matters that arose before the new law came into effect.

[Masato Michigauchi May 19, 2016]

Old Law

Prior to the enactment of Law No. 10 of 1898, a law of the same name was enacted as Law No. 97 of 1890. This law was enacted based on French law. However, a code controversy arose over the old civil code that was enacted at the same time, and it was criticized as "loyalty and filial piety are destroyed by the civil code," and its enforcement was suspended. The old civil code, which consisted of 17 articles, differed from Law No. 10 of 1898 in that, in the case of an agreement between people of the same country, if the intention to choose the governing law is unclear, the law of the country of the person concerned should be applied (Article 5, paragraph 2), if the place of action is intentionally chosen without following the formalities prescribed by Japanese law, it is invalid on the grounds of formality (Article 10), and there was an explicit provision that the procedure should be governed by the law of the forum (Article 13).

[Masato Michigauchi May 19, 2016]

The term "law"

The word "Horei" was used in ancient China during the Jin Dynasty (265-420) as "Horei Law" to mean rules that apply to all legal codes and general rules on their application. This usage disappeared in China after that, but in the Meiji era, Japanese legislators followed suit and titled Chapter 1 of Book 1 of the Penal Code of 1880 "Horei," bringing the term back to mean rules that determine the application of laws. The Penal Code (Law No. 45 of 1907) also had the title Horei in Book 1, but following the amendment by Law No. 91 of 1995, it has now been replaced by the word "Tsūsoku." Similarly, Chapter 1 of Book 1 of the Commercial Code (Law No. 48 of 1899), which determines the application of laws, was also titled Horei, but following the amendment by Law No. 87 of 2005, it became "Tsūsoku."

[Masato Michigauchi May 19, 2016]

"Hosoya Wa" by Hozumi Chinju (1916, Yuhikaku/Iwanami Bunko)

[References] | Private International Law | Governing Law | General Rules for Application of Laws | Home Country Law

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

法律の適用関係を定める法律。明治31年法律第10号。全34か条で、法律の施行期日(1条)と慣習の法的効力(2条)に関する規定に続き、準拠法(適用される法律)の決定・適用に関する国際私法規定を置いていた。「法の適用に関する通則法」(平成18年法律第78号)が2007年(平成19)1月1日に新たに施行されたが、この新法施行日前に生じた一部の事項についてはなお法例が適用される。

[道垣内正人 2016年5月19日]

旧法例

明治31年法律第10号の法例に先だち、明治23年法律第97号として同名の法律が制定された。これはフランス法を継受して制定されたものであった。しかし、同時に制定された旧民法をめぐって法典論争が起き、「民法出デテ忠孝亡(ほろ)ブ」と批判されて施行が停止されたのと運命をともにし、旧法例も施行されないままとなった。旧法例は全17か条で、内容上、同国人間の合意の場合、準拠法選択の意思が不明であれば、その本国法を適用すること(5条2項)、故意に行為地を選んで日本法の定める方式に従わない場合は方式上無効とすること(10条)、手続は法廷地法による旨の明示の規定があること(13条)などの点で明治31年法律第10号の法例とは異なるものであった。

[道垣内正人 2016年5月19日]

法例という用語

法例ということばは、古代中国の晋(しん)(265~420)において、法典全部に通ずる例則、その適用関係についての通則として、「法例律」という語が用いられていた。中国でもその後このような用法は絶えていたが、明治期の日本の立法者がこれに倣い、明治13年の刑法第1編第1章が「法例」と題したことにより、法律の適用関係を定める規則をさす用語として復活した。その後の刑法(明治40年法律第45号)でも第1編第1章は法例と題されていたが、平成7年法律第91号による改正により、現在では「通則」ということばに置き換えられている。また、商法(明治32年法律第48号)でも適用関係を定める第1編第1章は「法例」と題されていたが、平成17年法律第87号による改正により「通則」となっている。

[道垣内正人 2016年5月19日]

『穂積陳重著『法窓夜話』(1916・有斐閣/岩波文庫)』

[参照項目] | 国際私法 | 準拠法 | 法の適用に関する通則法 | 本国法

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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