Abraham

Japanese: アブラハム(英語表記)Abraham
Abraham
The ancestor of the Israelites (→ Israel). The first "Hebrew" in the Old Testament (Genesis 14:13). His original name was "Abram". Abraham left his hometown of Ur of the Chaldeans and his relatives, which had prospered in accordance with God's words, and set out on a dangerous nomadic journey without knowing where he was going (Genesis 12:1-4). God gave Isaac, who was 100 years old and 90 years old, to Abraham, keeping his promise to make him the father of nations and his barren wife Sarai (later renamed Sarah → Sarah), the mother of nations. God's promise to Abraham was fulfilled through Isaac, but in the story of the burnt offering of Isaac on Mount Moriah in Genesis Chapter 22, God tested Abraham's faith in the most tense way. Thus, God saw his absolute faith and testimony of total loyalty and made a covenant with him. This is succinctly expressed in the phrase, "Abraham believed the Lord, and the Lord credited it to him as righteousness" (Genesis 15:6). Abraham is respected as the father of faith in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, and appears frequently in the New Testament as a model of "righteousness by faith" in Romans chapter 4, Galatians chapter 3, and other places. His life, which was filled with absolute faith in God, ended at the age of 175 and he was buried in the Cave of Machpelah in Hebron (Harir).

Abraham
Abraham, Max

Born: March 26, 1875 in Danzig (now Gdansk)
Died November 16, 1922. Munich. German theoretical physicist. He studied under M. Planck and received his doctorate in 1897. After serving as a private lecturer at the University of Göttingen (1900-08), he served as a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Milan (09-14). In 1902, he attempted to reform electromagnetic theory by proposing the rigid electron theory, which states that the total mass of an electron is due to its electromagnetic energy and that it has no other mechanical mass. He remained negative about Einstein's theory of relativity throughout his life. His textbook, Theorie der Elektrizität (Theory of Electricity), was widely used.

Abraham
Abraham Ibn Daud

[Birth] Around 11:10
[died] c.1180, Toledo, Spain, Jewish historiographer and philosopher. His historical works include the Sefer ha-Qabbalah, a chronology up to 1161. His philosophy is set out in a work written in Arabic known by the Hebrew title "Emunah Ramah" (The Sublime Faith). He was one of the first Jewish scholars to embrace the Aristotelian system, but his work did not have much influence, eventually being overshadowed by the works of Maimonides.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
イスラエル民族(→イスラエル)の祖。旧約聖書における最初の「ヘブル人」(創世記 14・13)。元の名は「アブラム」。アブラハムは神のことばに従って繁栄せる故郷カルデアのウルと親族を捨て,行く先も知らぬ危険な遊牧の旅に出る(創世記 12・1~4)。神はアブラハムを諸国民の父,子を産めない妻サライ(のちにサラと改名。→サラ)を国々の民の母とするという約束を守って,100歳と 90歳の二人にイサクを与えた。このイサクを通してアブラハムに対する神の約束は成就するが,『創世記』22章のモリヤの山上におけるイサクの燔祭の物語では,神は最も緊張したかたちでアブラハムの信仰を試みた。こうして神は彼の絶対的信仰,全的忠誠のあかしをみて契約を結ぶにいたった。「アブラハムは主を信じた。主はこれを彼の義と認められた」(創世記 15・6)の一句が端的にそれを表している。アブラハムは信仰の父としてキリスト教,ユダヤ教,イスラム教を通じて重んじられ,新約聖書では「信仰による義」の典型として『ローマ人への手紙』4章,『ガラテヤ人への手紙』3章や,そのほかの個所にたびたび現れる。神への絶対的信仰に貫かれたその生涯は 175歳で終わり,ヘブロン(ハリール)のマクペラの洞穴に葬られた。

アブラハム
Abraham, Max

[生]1875.3.26. ダンチヒ(現グダニスク)
[没]1922.11.16. ミュンヘン
ドイツの理論物理学者。 M.プランクのもとで学び,1897年学位を得た。ゲッティンゲン大学私講師 (1900~08) を経て,ミラノ大学の理論物理学教授をつとめた (09~14) 。 1902年,電子の全質量は電子の電磁的エネルギーによるもので,それ以外の力学的質量はないという剛体電子論を提唱するなど,電磁気理論の改革を試みた。アインシュタインの相対性理論に対しては終生消極的であった。彼の著わした教科書『電気理論』 Theorie der Elektrizitätは広く用いられた。

アブラハム
Abraham Ibn Daud

[生]1110頃
[没]1180頃
スペイン,トレドのユダヤ人の史料編修者,哲学者。歴史に関する著作には,1161年までの編年史である『伝統の書』 Sefer ha-Qabbalahがある。彼の哲学はヘブライ語の表題"Emunah Ramah" (崇高なる信仰) で知られているアラビア語で書かれた著作のなかに述べられている。アリストテレスの体系を受入れた最初のユダヤ人学者の一人であったが,彼の著作はやがてマイモニデスの著作の前に光彩を失って大きな影響を与えるにはいたらなかった。

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