A legal act is an act that a person performs with the desire for a certain effect, and the law assists in the realization of that effect. Such legal acts must be performed by the free will of the individual, which is known as the principle of freedom of legal acts. The principle of private autonomy, which holds that it is purposive for an individual's legal relationships to be determined according to their own desires, is seen as a manifestation in legal acts. An essential element of legal acts is the expression of will, and legal acts can be classified according to the number and direction of this expression of will as follows: (1) Unilateral act: A legal act that is validly established by a single manifestation of will. This includes acts that have an opposing party, such as a debt forgiveness, and acts that do not have an opposing party, such as a will. (2) Contract: A legal act established by the agreement of two or more expressions of intent that are different in direction but the same in content (such as buying and selling, leasing, etc.). In a broad sense, contracts include credit contracts, real property contracts, and contracts under personal status law, but generally, in the narrow sense, only credit contracts are often referred to as contracts. (3) Consolidated act: A legal act established through the agreement of two or more intentions that are the same in content and direction (for example, the act of establishing a incorporated association). [Toshio Takeuchi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
法律行為は、人が一定の効果を欲してなす行為であって、法律がその効果の実現に助力してくれるものをいう。このような法律行為は、個人の自由な意思によってなされなければならないものとされており、これを法律行為自由の原則という。個人の法律関係は、個人自ら欲するところに従ってこれを決定するというのが合目的であるとする私的自治の原則が、法律行為に現れたものとみられる。法律行為は、意思表示を不可欠の要素とするが、この意思表示の数および方向によって法律行為を分類すると、次のようになる。 (1)単独行為 一個の意思表示で有効に成立する法律行為。これには、債務免除などのように相手方のあるものと、遺言などのように相手方のないものとがある。 (2)契約 方向を異にし、内容を同じくする2個以上の意思表示の合致によって成立する法律行為(たとえば、売買や賃貸借など)。契約は、広義では債権契約、物権契約、身分法上の契約なども含むが、一般的には狭義において、債権契約のみを契約ということが多い。 (3)合同行為 内容と方向を同じくする2個以上の意思表示の合致して成立する法律行為(たとえば、社団法人の設立行為など)。 [竹内俊雄] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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