Law - Law

Japanese: 法 - ほう

〘Noun〙[一] ( Hafu )① Something that governs a certain order of things. The universal way things are. Rules. [I Ching - Jie Ci, Lower]② An order that should be observed within a certain social group. Rules. Regulations. Decisions. Rules. ※Man'yoshu (late 8th century) 18, 4106, Preface: "These several articles are the basis for establishing law and the source of enlightenment." ※Heike (early 13th century) 1: "The current governor has no such rule. Let us simply leave it to the law." [Book of Documents - Kimi-chen]③ A social norm that involves the coercive power of the state. It is used synonymously with law, but is a broader concept than law. It is classified into written law and unwritten law, substantive law and procedural law, public law and private law, international law and domestic law, etc. "Equality under the law" *Eijo Joho (1868), vol. 6: "Public law concerns the political affairs of the whole country." ④ A school of learning in ancient China. It takes the position that law is the supreme value. Legalist. ⑤ A way. A method. A way of dealing with things. A method. A method. *Sakehon, Jifujinden (1753), "If one has learned this twice, there is no law that one cannot return to." *Nigorie (1895), Higuchi Ichiyo, vol. 6: "Is there any law that requires one to leave the guest behind?" ⑥ A model. An example. *Tokai Yawa (around 1645), vol. 1: "Poets of the arts (omitted) In the last generations, they became obsessed with law and were bound by legal rules." ⑦ A normal degree. A reasonable degree. Ordinary. Usually. ※Uesugi Family Documents - Letter from Uesugi Fusasada dated September 14, 1489 (Chokyo 3): "I have heard that the Buzen no Kami of the same name is a nuisance to the law." ⑧ The way of performing a ceremony. Etiquette. Manners. Manners. ※Warambegusa (1660) 2: "Even if there is logic, it is wrong to break the law." ⑨ A word used in mathematics. (a) A word used in relation to a certain relationship between integers. When the difference between two integers a and b is a multiple of a given integer m, a and b are said to be congruent modulo m, and are expressed by the symbol a≡b (mod m ). (b) A multiplier in multiplication in abacus calculation, and a divisor in division. [Sanpo Shinsho (1830)] ⑩ In Japanese mathematics, it refers to the first term of a polynomial in Tengenshu. ⑪ In Indo-European languages, differences in the mental attitude of the speaker toward the content of a sentence are reflected in the verb inflection. There are the indicative mood, subjunctive mood, and imperative mood. Mood. [2] ( Hof ) (Translation of dharma. Transliterated as Bodhidharma, Damma, etc.) A Buddhist term. ① A basic element that maintains the essence, becomes a norm, and gives rise to awareness. ※Vimalakirti Sutra Commentary (613), Disciple Chapter 3, "You should now only _observe the laws of birth _and death as _one _{and the same} _{meaning of} impermanence" [Mahayana Gishou-10] ② The truth that applies to all things such as form, mind, matter, and reason. The true principle. ※Kyogyoshinsho (1224), 4, "The equal dharma body is the law of equal nirvana (abbreviated)" ③ Dharma body as one of the three bodies. ④ One of the six realms. The object of the mind. Something that the mind perceives as an object. ※Commentary on the Vimalakirti Sutra (613), Chapter on Disciples, Chapter 3: "The law is called the six dust particles; in reality it is called true truth." ⑤ Something that exists. Existence as a thing. [Lotus Sutra - Expedient Means Chapter] ⑥ One of the Three Treasures. The teachings preached by the Buddha. Buddhist law. Buddhism. Also, a sutra that preaches the teachings of the Buddha. ※Commentary on the Sri Lankan Sutra (611), Chapter on Lamenting the True Merits of the Buddha: "The great sage _responds by preaching the _law _to the world, and there _{are not} many _volumes of sutras to choose from. _" [Xiao Ziliang - Jingjuzi, Gate to Restrain the Body and the Mind] ⑦ Good deeds that are not accompanied by worldly desires. ⑧ Discipline that monks must follow. Precepts. ※Chronicles (720), March, 12th year of the Tenmu era: " _Two head monks, one head priest, and _one monk. The emperor then said, 'The law _{is the same as} _the law.'" ⑨ _Esoteric Buddhist rituals, prayers, etc. ※Utsubo (c. 970-999) Tada was "a man of very merciful conduct, and the teacher he followed and drove away was completely defeated." [Additional note] In the old days, the Chinese pronunciation was "hafu" and the Go-on pronunciation was "hofu," and the meaning differed depending on the pronunciation. The "Rodriguez Japanese Grammar Book" (1604-08), written at the end of the Middle Ages when "hafu" ("hau" from the mid-Heian period onwards) and "hofu" ("hou" from the mid-Heian period onwards ) began to be confused, states that "hafu" is used to mean rules, regulations, orders, or rules established by a master for his servants, while "hofu" is used to mean Buddhist teachings or doctrines. In this book, "hofu" is used for words thought to be related to Buddhism, and "hafu" for other cases.

Franc [Law]

〘Noun〙 (franc) The unit of currency in France, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg, etc. France, Belgium, and Luxembourg switched to the euro in 2002. →Euro. ※France Monogatari (1909)〈Nagai Kafu〉Cloud "A gold coin of twenty francs "

Source: The Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary About the Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary Information

Japanese:

〘名〙[一] (ハフ)① 事物の一定の秩序を支配するもの。物事の普遍的なありかた。のり。法則。〔易経‐繋辞下〕② ある特定の社会集団のなかで守られるべきとりきめ。おきて。きまり。さだめ。規則。※万葉（８Ｃ後）一八・四一〇六・序文「先件数条建法之基化道之源也」※平家（１３Ｃ前）一「当目代は其儀あるまじ。只法に任よ」〔書経‐君陳〕③ 国家の強制力を伴う社会規範。法律と同義に用いられるが、法律より広義の概念。成文法と不文法、実体法と手続法、公法と私法、国際法と国内法などに分類される。「法のもとの平等」※英政如何（1868）六「公の法は国内惣体の政事に係はる者なり」④ 中国古代の学問の一派。法を至上価値とする立場にたつ。法家。⑤ しかた。やりかた。対処法。方法。だんどり。方式。※洒落本・跖婦人伝（1753）「二度此さとへ、かへらぬ法もあれと」※にごりえ（1895）〈樋口一葉〉六「客を置ざりに中座するといふ法(ハウ)があるか」⑥ 手本。模範。※東海夜話（1645頃）上「歌道者〈略〉末の代には、法に溺れ、法式に縛られ」⑦ 通常の程度。妥当な度合。普通。通例。※上杉家文書‐長享三年（1489）九月一四日・上杉房定書状「同名豊前守迷惑法之外候之由聞及候」⑧ 儀式のやりかた。礼儀。礼法。作法。※わらんべ草（1660）二「理がありても、法のやぶるる事もあしかるべし」⑨ 数学で用いる語。(イ) 整数間のある種の関係に関連して用いる語。二つの整数ａ、ｂの差が、あらかじめ与えられた整数ｍの倍数になっているとき、ａとｂとはｍを法として合同であるといい、記号 a≡b (mod m) で表わす。(ロ) 珠算の乗法における乗数、また除法における除数。〔算法新書（1830）〕⑩ 和算で、天元術における多項式の一次の項のこと。⑪ インド‐ヨーロッパ語で、文の内容に対する話し手の心的態度の相違が動詞の語形変化の上にあらわれたもの。直説法・接続法・命令法などがある。ムード。[二] (ホフ) (dharma の訳。達磨、曇摩などと音訳する) 仏語。① 本質を保持し規範となって認識を生み出す基本的な要素。※維摩経義疏（613）弟子品第三「汝今但以_レ観_二法生滅_一為_二無常義_一」〔大乗義章‐一〇〕② 色・心・事・理などの一切の万有に通ずる真理。真実の理法。※教行信証（1224）四「平等法身者〈略〉寂滅平等之法也」③ 三身の一つとしての法身。④ 六境の一つ。意の対象。心が対象としてとらえるもの。※維摩経義疏（613）弟子品第三「法謂六塵、実際謂真諦」⑤ 存在するもの。事物としての存在。〔法華経‐方便品〕⑥ 三宝の一つ。仏の説いた教え。仏法。仏教。また、仏の教えを説いた経典。※勝鬘経義疏（611）歎仏真実功徳章「大聖応_レ世為_レ物説_レ法、不_レ撰_二経巻之多少_一」〔蕭子良‐浄住子・尅責身心門〕⑦ 煩悩を伴わない善行。⑧ 出家の守るべき規律。戒律。※書紀（720）天武一二年三月「任_二僧正、僧都、律師_一。因以勅曰、統_二領僧尼_一如_レ法云々」⑨ 密教の修法・祈祷など。※宇津保（970‐999頃）忠こそ「いとかなしげなるおこなひ人にて、このつきて去にし師、ほうなどうけつくして」[補注]古くは漢音は「ハフ」、呉音は「ホフ」で、発音によって意味が異なっていた。「ハフ」（平安中期以降「ハウ」）と「ホフ」（平安中期以降「ホウ」）とが混同しはじめた中世末期の「ロドリゲス日本大文典」（一六〇四‐〇八）には、「ハフ」が法則・規定・命令や主人が家来のために設けた規約を意味する場合に、「ホフ」は仏法上の教法や教義を意味する場合に使用されるとある。本書では、仏教関係と思われる諸語の場合は「ホフ」とし、その他の場合は「ハフ」とした。