In order to make the most of the public functions of forests, forests that are particularly necessary are designated under the Forest Act, and appropriate conservation and forest management of those forests are ensured. Protected forests have a long history, and as early as the feudal era, there were forests in various regions that were ordered to be protected for the purposes of water source conservation, tidal protection, and windbreaks, and where cutting was prohibited or restricted. In 1882 (Meiji 15), the Meiji government established a system of no-cutting forests for the purpose of national land conservation through a Dajokan decree, and established the system of protected forests through the Forest Act of 1897. The current Forest Act, enacted in 1951 (Showa 26), continues this system of protected forests. [Yoshito Kasahara] Restrictions on forest conservationIn a conservation forest, permission must be obtained in advance from the prefectural governor when cutting down trees, excavating soil, stones, or tree roots, or otherwise changing the characteristics of the land. Furthermore, when trees are cut down in a conservation forest, the forest owner must replant trees on the site in accordance with the prescribed planting method, period, and species. Penalties are applied for violations. In order to maintain and restore the functions of a conservation forest, the prefectural governor can order the suspension of such actions, or the reforestation, restoration, or planting of trees. [Yoshito Kasahara] Types of conservation forestsThe current Forest Law restrictively lists the following cases where forests can be designated as conservation forests: water source conservation forests (maintaining the forest's hydraulic functions at a high level and regulating the flow of rivers), sediment runoff prevention forests (preventing sediment runoff and erosion), landslide prevention forests (preventing the collapse of unstable steep slopes), sand-blowing prevention forests (preventing sand blowing), windbreak protection forests (preventing disasters caused by strong winds), flood prevention forests (reducing water pressure and preventing river flooding), tide prevention forests (preventing damage caused by tsunamis and high tides), and drought prevention forests (preventing the drying of farmland and the use of water reservoirs for irrigation). There are 17 types of forests: forests for preventing debris flow, snow protection forests (to prevent snowstorms), fog protection forests (to prevent fog from rolling in from the sea), avalanche prevention forests (to prevent the occurrence of avalanches), rockfall prevention forests (to prevent the danger of falling rocks), fire prevention forests (to prevent the spread of fires), fish-bearing forests (to promote the habitat and reproduction of fish), navigational landmark forests (to serve as landmarks for ship navigation), health protection forests (to contribute to the health of the people through forest recreation, etc.), and scenic beauty protection forests (to preserve the scenery of famous places and historical sites). Protection forests account for 35% of Japan's forest area, or 8.69 million hectares (1998), of which 72% are water source conservation forests and 24% are soil runoff prevention forests. Other types of forests are intended for relatively localized benefits and danger prevention. [Yoshito Kasahara] Designation and removal of protected forestsThe authority to designate and remove a protection forest is the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for national forests and privately owned forests that are used for wide-area, core watershed conservation, sediment runoff prevention and landslide prevention, and the prefectural governor for other protection forests. Since the exercise of property rights is restricted when a forest is designated as a protection forest, care is taken to ensure that the designation is carried out fairly, and the designation is removed without delay when the reason for the designation disappears. The government will compensate forest owners for any losses that they would normally incur as a result of the designation as a protection forest. [Yoshito Kasahara] [Reference items] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
森林のもつ公益的機能をもっともよく発揮させるために、とくに必要な森林を森林法に基づき指定し、その森林の適切な保全と森林施業を確保する森林。保安林はその沿革が古く、すでに藩制時代に水源涵養(かんよう)や防潮、防風のために保護を命ぜられたり、伐採を禁止あるいは制限される森林が各地にみられた。1882年(明治15)明治政府は太政官(だじょうかん)布達で国土保全の目的のため禁伐林制度を設け、1897年の森林法によって保安林制度を確立した。1951年(昭和26)制定の現行森林法でもこの保安林制度を継承している。 [笠原義人] 保安林の行為制限保安林において、立木の伐採、土石や樹根の採掘開墾など、土地の形質を変更する場合には、あらかじめ都道府県知事の許可を受けなければならない。また、保安林の立木を伐採した場合、その森林所有者は定められている植栽の方法、期間、樹種などに従い、伐採跡地に植えなければならない。違反した場合には罰則の適用がある。知事は保安林機能の維持、回復を図るため、行為の中止、または造林、復旧、あるいは植栽すべき旨を命令することができる。 [笠原義人] 保安林の種類現行森林法は、保安林に指定しうる場合を以下のように制限的に列挙している。水源涵養保安林(森林の理水機能を高度に保ち、河川の流量を調節する)、土砂流出防備保安林(土砂の流出、侵食を防止する)、土砂崩壊防備保安林(地盤不安定な急斜地の崩壊を防止する)、飛砂防備保安林(飛砂を防止する)、防風保安林(強風による災害を防止する)、水害防備保安林(水勢を弱め、河川の氾濫(はんらん)を防止する)、潮害防備保安林(津波や高潮による被害を防止する)、干害防備保安林(農地の乾燥や灌漑(かんがい)用溜池(ためいけ)などの水がれを防止する)、防雪保安林(吹雪(ふぶき)を防止する)、防霧保安林(海から霧が流れ込むのを防止する)、なだれ防止保安林(なだれの発生を防止する)、落石防止保安林(落石による危険を防止する)、防火保安林(火災の延焼を防止する)、魚つき保安林(魚の生息や繁殖を助長する)、航行目標保安林(船の航行の目標とする)、保健保安林(森林レクリエーションなどにより国民の健康に寄与する)、風致保安林(名所や旧跡の景色などを保存する)の17種である。保安林はわが国森林面積の35%、869万ヘクタール(1998)に達し、うち水源涵養保安林が72%、土砂流出防備保安林が24%を占める。ほかの保安林は比較的に局所的な利益、危険予防を目的とする。 [笠原義人] 保安林の指定・解除保安林の指定・解除の権限者は、国有林についてと民有林のうち広域的で基幹的な水源涵養・土砂流出防備・土砂崩壊防備保安林は農林水産大臣、その他の保安林は都道府県知事である。保安林に指定編入されると財産権の行使が制限されるので、指定は公正に行われるよう配慮されており、また指定理由が消滅したときは遅滞なく解除される。保安林指定により、森林所有者が通常受ける損失に対して、国はその損失補償を行う。 [笠原義人] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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