An international conference was held in Berlin from June 13 to July 13, 1878, mediated by Bismarck of Germany, to revise the Treaty of San Stefano, which was a peace treaty for the Russo-Turkish War (1877-78). Russia, Turkey, Great Britain, Austria, and Italy participated. As a result of the Treaty of San Stefano, Russia, which won the Russo-Turkish War, acquired possession of Romanian Bessarabia and part of Turkish territory on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, as well as the right to protect the Slavic inhabitants of Armenia. Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro became independent, and Bulgaria was recognized as a principality with a vast territory stretching from the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea. However, Britain, wary of Russia's growing power, demanded Cyprus from Turkey in order to counter it, and had Turkey recognize it. Austria expressed dissatisfaction with these moves by the great powers and insisted that a peace treaty should be decided by an international conference. Fearing that the Balkan issue would cause a rift in the Alliance of the Three Emperors (1873) between Germany, Austria, and Russia, Germany's Bismarck offered to act as mediator, which led to the Congress of Berlin in June 1878. The Treaty of San Stefano, which was concluded at this conference, significantly revised the contents of the Treaty of San Stefano, and although Russia's territorial claims were accepted, the territory of the Principality of Bulgaria was reduced by one third and it continued to be under Turkish sovereignty, while Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania were granted independence. Austria was also given administrative rights over Bosnia and Herzegovina, the sites of the anti-Turkish uprising that was the cause of the Russo-Turkish War, and British sovereignty over Cyprus was also recognized. This treaty amplified the discontent of the Slavic peoples of Russia and the Balkans, creating the foundations for the so-called Eastern Question, which would later destabilize international politics. [Shunichi Fujimura] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ロシア・トルコ戦争(1877~78)講和のサン・ステファノ条約を修正するため、ドイツのビスマルクの仲介によって1878年6月13日から7月13日までベルリンで開かれた国際会議。ロシア、トルコ、イギリス、オーストリア、イタリアが参加した。ロシア・トルコ戦争で勝利を得たロシアは、サン・ステファノ条約でルーマニア領ベッサラビアと黒海東岸のトルコ領の一部の領有、またアルメニアにおけるスラブ系住民の保護権を獲得した。ルーマニア、セルビア、モンテネグロは独立し、さらにブルガリアは黒海からエーゲ海に及ぶ、広大な領土をもつ公国として承認された。しかし、ロシアの勢力拡大を警戒するイギリスは、対抗上、トルコに対しキプロス島を要求し、これを承認させた。これら列強の動きに対しオーストリアは不満を表明し、国際会議によって講和条約を決定すべきであると主張した。バルカン問題でドイツ、オーストリア、ロシア間の三帝同盟(1873)に亀裂(きれつ)が生じるのを恐れたドイツのビスマルクは、仲介役を買って出て、1878年6月のベルリン会議となった。 この会議で成立したベルリン条約では、サン・ステファノ条約の内容が大幅に修正され、ロシアの領土要求は認められたものの、ブルガリア公国の領土は3分の1に縮小され、引き続きトルコの宗主権下に置かれたのに対し、セルビア、モンテネグロ、ルーマニアには独立が認められた。またオーストリアには、ロシア・トルコ戦争の原因であった反トルコ蜂起(ほうき)の地ボスニア、ヘルツェゴビナに対する行政権が与えられ、イギリスのキプロス島領有も承認された。この条約によりロシアとバルカンのスラブ系民族の不満が増幅され、いわゆる東方問題として、その後の国際政治を揺るがす素地をつくりだした。 [藤村瞬一] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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