A Berber-speaking ethnic group living in Northwest Africa. They are distributed from the Siwa Oasis in Egypt to the Canary Islands, mountainous areas, and the Sahara Desert. Of their estimated population of 12 million, 7.5 million live in Morocco (35-40% of the population), 3.5 million in Algeria (20% of the population), and only about 100,000 in Tunisia and Libya. The name Berber comes from the Greek word "barbaroi" (meaning uncivilized people living outside the Greek world), but they call themselves Amazigh (plural Imazighen, meaning people of noble birth, free people). Their ethnic lineage is said to be a branch of the Mediterranean race, but it is unclear. Linguistically, they belong to the Afro-Asiatic family, and are broadly divided into three dialect groups: Zanata, Masmouda, and Sanhaja. They have no unique writing system except for a ceremonial script (Tifnag). Their ruins date back to the Stone Age, more than 10,000 years before Christ. In the historical period, the region was colonized by the Phoenicians and Greeks, and was ruled by the Romans, Vandals, and Byzantines, but these were limited to coastal cities and did not leave a deep impact. In contrast, the Arab invasion and conquest that began in the 7th century after Christ suppressed the resistance of Berber leaders such as Qusayla and Qahina in the early stages, and gradually Islamized and Arabized the Berbers. The Almoravid dynasty (1056-1147), the Almohad dynasty (1130-1269), and the Marinid dynasty (1196-1465) were Berber dynasties that Islamized. The causes of Arabization are thought to be external factors such as the conquests that began in the 7th century, the invasion of the Arab nomads Hilari and Slime in the 11th century, Arab migration to the north and south of Morocco from the 12th century onwards, and the influx of Arab residents from the Iberian Peninsula after the oppression of the Reconquista, as well as internal factors such as the intermarriage with Arabs that occurred within local communities and the penetration of Arabic language and culture, and the rise of Arab ancestry (Sharifism) that became evident from the latter half of the 14th century. As a result of this Arabization, Berbers came to live in mountainous areas, deserts and islands, but on the other hand, the environment of their habitat was utilized in the revolt of Abd al-Khalim (1921-26) in the Rif Mountains of Morocco and the battles of the Kabyles in the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62). However, the Berber revolts that occurred in the 20th century were an expression of dissatisfaction with policies, and did not aim for autonomy or independence based on ethnic consciousness. The recent "Berber Spring" incident in the Kabyle region of Algeria (1980) shows a strong demand for the awakening and restoration of Berber culture, including language, music and poetry. Until recently, customary law, democratic councils and tribal alliances existed, but these are rapidly collapsing. Families and villages are smaller than in Arab countries and are primarily patrilineal, although some, like the Tuareg, are matrilineal. The mainstay of life is agriculture and nomadic pastoralism, although there are also a considerable number of urbanites, including those who have traveled to France for work. Many women only speak Berber, but urbanites are bilingual or trilingual, speaking Arabic and French. [Masatoshi Iiichi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
北西アフリカに住み、ベルベル語を話す民族。エジプトのシワ・オアシスからカナリア諸島、山岳地、サハラ砂漠一帯に分布。推定数1200万人のうち、モロッコが750万人(同国人口の35~40%)、アルジェリアが350万人(同国人口の20%)を占め、チュニジア、リビアなどは10万人程度にすぎない。ベルベルの名称はギリシア語の「バルバロイ」(ギリシア世界の外に住む非文明人を意味)に由来するが、彼らはアマジグ(複数形イマジゲン、高貴な出の人間、自由人の意)と自称。民族系統は地中海人種の一系統に属するといわれるが不明。言語的にはアフロ・アジア語族に属し、方言群からザナータ系、マスムーダ系、サンハージャ系の三つに大別される。一部の儀礼的文字(ティフナグ)以外に固有の文字をもたない。 彼らの遺跡は紀元前1万年以上も前の石器時代までさかのぼれる。歴史時代に入ってフェニキア人、ギリシア人の植民、ローマ、バンダル、ビザンティンの支配を受けたが、それらは海岸部の諸都市に限られ、深い影響を残さなかった。これに対し、紀元後7世紀から始まるアラブの侵入・征服は、その初期にベルベル人の指導者クサイラやカーヒナらの抵抗を鎮圧すると、ベルベル人をしだいにイスラム化、アラブ化していった。ムラービト朝(1056~1147)、ムワッヒド朝(1130~1269)、マリーン朝(1196~1465)はイスラム化したベルベル人の王朝である。アラブ化の進行の要因は7世紀から始まる征服活動、11世紀のアラブ遊牧民であるヒラール人とスライム人の侵入、12世紀以後のモロッコ南北へのアラブの移住、レコンキスタの圧迫後、イベリア半島からのアラブ系住民の流入などの外的要因と、これらと並行して地域社会内部で進むアラブとの混血およびアラビア語・アラブ文化の浸透、14世紀後半から顕著になるアラブ血統意識(シャリフィズム)の高揚などの内的要因とが考えられる。こうしたアラブ化の進行により、ベルベル人の居住地域は山岳地、砂漠、島などに偏在するようになったが、反面ではモロッコのリーフ山地を舞台にしたアブド・アルカリームの反乱(1921~26)、アルジェリア独立戦争(1954~62)でのカビール人の戦いなどでは、その居住地の環境が生かされた。しかし、20世紀に起こったベルベル人の反乱は政策への不満を表明したもので、民族意識に基づく自治や独立を目ざしたものではない。最近のアルジェリアのカビール地方での「ベルベルの春」事件(1980)も同様であるが、そこには言語、音楽、詩などのベルベル文化の覚醒(かくせい)と復古への強い要求がみられる。最近まで慣習法、民主的評議会、部族同盟が存在したが、急速に崩壊しつつある。家族、村落の規模はアラブより小さく、父系制が中心で、一部トゥアレグ人のように母系制。生活形態の柱は農業と遊牧であるが、フランスへの出稼ぎを含む都市生活者も相当数いる。女性にはベルベル語しか話さない者が多いが、都市生活者はアラビア語やフランス語との二重または三重言語使用者である。 [私市正年] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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