Benedict - Ruth Fulton Benedict

Japanese: ベネディクト - べねでぃくと(英語表記)Ruth Fulton Benedict
Benedict - Ruth Fulton Benedict

American cultural anthropologist. Born in New York. After graduating from Vassar College in 1909, she spent several years as a language teacher until she married chemist Stanley Rossiter Benedict (1884-1936) in 1914, after which she devoted herself to poetry. In 1919, she began studying cultural anthropology, and studied North American Indian folklore and religion under the guidance of Boas at Columbia University. In 1923, she obtained her doctorate with her thesis "Concepts of Patron Gods in North America." She then went on to work at the university, and in 1936, after Boas retired, she became chair of the anthropology department. She played a central role in the study of culture and personality, which was the mainstream in American anthropology in the 1930s and 1940s. Her theory is characterized by a problem perspective that could be called "personality of culture," which seeks to grasp the entirety of individual cultures typologically, apart from the problem perspective of "the relationship between culture and the individual," which was later adopted by psychological anthropology. According to her, "the uniqueness of an individual culture is born from the selection of a set of segments of the arc of the potential of cultural elements." The selection from these countless possibilities has a certain degree of consistency for each culture, superimposing cultural elements that are "essentially unrelated to each other and historically independent" and bringing them together into something like an indecomposable cultural individuality. "Cultural Types" (1934) was an attempt to grasp these selective motives of individual cultures typologically. "The Chrysanthemum and the Sword" (1946), a product of wartime research during World War II, is famous as a book on Japanese studies, but in "Cultural Types," she elevated her understanding of the integrated form of culture, which was still somewhat intuitive, to a methodologically more sophisticated analysis.

[Mitsuru Hamamoto December 13, 2018]

"Cultural Patterns" translated by Toshinao Yoneyama (1973, Shakai Shisosha/Kodansha Academic Library)

[References] | The Chrysanthemum and the Sword | Personality | Cultural Types | Boaz

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカの文化人類学者。ニューヨークに生まれる。1909年バッサー・カレッジ卒業後、1914年生化学者スタンレー・ベネディクトStanley Rossiter Benedict(1884―1936)と結婚するまで語学教師として数年を過ごし、結婚後は詩作に熱中した。1919年文化人類学の学習を始め、コロンビア大学のボアズの指導のもとに北米インディアンの民話や宗教の研究を行い、1923年論文「北アメリカにおける守護神の概念」によって学位を取得、そのまま同大に就職し、1936年ボアズ退任の後を受けて人類学科主任教授となった。1930~1940年代のアメリカ人類学界の主流であった文化とパーソナリティー研究において中心的な役割を演じた。彼女の学説は、後の心理人類学にも引き継がれた「文化と個人の関係」という問題視角とは別に、個別文化の全体を類型学的に把握しようという「文化のパーソナリティー」とでも名づけられるような問題視角に特徴がある。彼女によると、「一つの個別文化としての独自性は、諸々の文化要素の潜在的な可能性の円弧の一組の切片の選択によって生まれる」。こうした無数の可能性のなかからの選択は、文化ごとにある程度一貫した方向性をもち、「本質的には相互に無関係で、歴史的にも独立したものである」文化的諸要素を重ね合わせ、分解できない文化の個性のようなものにまとめあげているのである。『文化の型』(1934)は個別文化のこうした選択的動機を類型学的に把握する試みであった。第二次世界大戦における戦時研究の産物である『菊と刀』(1946)は、日本研究の書として有名であるが、『文化の型』においてはまだ直観的なきらいのあった文化の統合的形態の把握を、方法論的により洗練された分析にまで高めている。

[濱本 満 2018年12月13日]

『米山俊直訳『文化の型』(1973・社会思想社/講談社学術文庫)』

[参照項目] | 菊と刀 | パーソナリティー | 文化類型 | ボアズ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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