Settlement - Settlement (English spelling)

Japanese: セツルメント - せつるめんと(英語表記)settlement
Settlement - Settlement (English spelling)

The original meaning is to settle down in a place of residence. By extension, it refers to the movement, activities, facilities, and organizations in which intellectuals and students settle in working-class neighborhoods and slums, provide assistance to workers and the poor through personal contact, and help them improve their lives and participate in social activities by themselves. It is also called neighborhood work.

Settlements began in the UK when students from Oxford and Cambridge universities settled in the East End, a slum in London, led by Oxford University professor A. Toynbee, and in 1884, a settlement house, Toynbee Hall, was built. As it was started by university people, it is also called the university expansion movement or university colonization project. In America, the first settlement was established in New York in 1886, and the most famous settlement house was Hull House, established in 1889 in the Chicago slum, Holsted, by J. Adams. In America, racial and immigration issues were at the center of activities.

In Japan, the first settlement house is said to have been the Okayama Hakuaikai, founded in 1891 (Meiji 24) by missionary Alice Pettee Adams (1866-1937), but the first settlement house is said to have been Kingsley Hall in Kanda-Misakicho, Tokyo, founded by Katayama Sen in 1897. After that, settlements were linked to the socialist movement, and after the Great Kanto Earthquake, they developed rapidly. In 1925 (Taisho 14), the first student settlement was established in Honjo, Tokyo, as the student settlement for Tokyo Imperial University, and continued to operate in earnest despite being oppressed.

During the imperialist stage from the 1870s to the 1920s, settlements played an important role in meeting the needs of the times. First, they pioneered scientific poverty research by Rowntree and others, which demonstrated that poverty is not a problem caused by individual character or laziness, but is fundamentally caused by the structure of capitalist society. Second, they developed the hard labor industry campaign by coming into contact with the actual living conditions of workers, which led to the establishment of the wage regulations in England in 1909 and contributed to the establishment of the minimum wage system. Third, they developed workers' education activities through workers' education and club activities. Fourth, they organized local communities and promoted local community welfare work. However, since the 1930s, especially after the Second World War, settlements' sphere of activity has been reduced and their activity volume has also decreased due to the progress and improvement of social services such as the labor movement, urban planning and housing policies, school education, social education, and social security.

[Kazuhiko Yokoyama]

"Settlements" by Masami Onoda (included in "Social Work Lectures Vol. 2" edited by Osaka College of Social Work, 1950, Fukushi Shunjusha)""Twenty Years at Hull-House" by J. Adams, translated by Yoshimori Shibata (1969, Iwasaki Academic Press)

[References] | Adams | Group work | Toynbee | Community centers

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

原義は住居を定めて身を落ち着けること、定住。転じて、インテリゲンチャや学生が労働者街、スラムに定住して、労働者、貧困者との人格的接触を通して援助を与え、自力による生活の向上、社会的活動への参加を行わせるための運動・活動、施設、団体のことをいう。隣保事業ともいう。

 セツルメントは、イギリスのロンドンのスラム、イースト・エンドにオックスフォード大学教授A・トインビーを中心にオックスフォード、ケンブリッジ両大学の学生が住み着いたのが始まりで、1884年、セツルメント・ハウスであるトインビー・ホールToynbee Hallがつくられた。大学人の手によって始められたので大学拡張運動、大学植民事業ともよぶ。アメリカでは1886年、ニューヨークに最初のセツルメントがつくられ、1889年、J・アダムズによりシカゴのスラム、ホルステットにつくられたセツルメント・ハウス、ハル・ハウスHull Houseが有名である。アメリカでは人種問題、移民問題が活動の中心であった。

 日本では、1891年(明治24)の宣教師アダムズAlice Pettee Adams(1866―1937)による岡山博愛会が最初ともいわれるが、セツルメント・ハウスとしては片山潜(せん)による1897年の東京市神田三崎町のキングスレー館Kingsley Hallが最初とされている。その後セツルメントは社会主義運動と結び付いて行われ、関東大震災後、急速な発展を遂げた。1925年(大正14)東京市本所に東京帝国大学の学生セツルメントが学生セツルメントの初めとして生まれ、弾圧にあいながらも本格的な活動を続けた。

 1870年代から1920年代までの帝国主義段階におけるセツルメントは、時代の必要性に対応して重要な役割を果たしてきた。第一に、貧困は個人の性格や怠惰による問題ではなく、基本的には資本主義社会の構造に起因するものであることを実証したロウントリイ(ラウントリー)などによる科学的な貧困調査に先鞭(せんべん)をつけたこと、第二に、労働者の生活実態に触れて苦汗産業キャンペーンを展開して、イギリスで1909年に賃金規則の成立を導き、最低賃金制度の確立に寄与したこと、第三に、労働者教育活動やクラブ活動を通じて労働者教育活動を発展させたこと、第四に、地域社会を組織して地域社会福祉事業を前進させたことなどである。しかし、1930年代以降、とくに第二次世界大戦後になると、セツルメントは、労働運動、都市計画と住宅政策、学校教育や社会教育、社会保障などの社会諸サービスの前進・充実により、その活動領域は縮小し、活動量も減少している。

[横山和彦]

『音田正巳著『セツルメント』(大阪社会事業短期大学編『社会事業講座 第二巻』所収・1950・福祉春秋社)』『J・アダムズ著、柴田善守訳『ハル・ハウスの二十年』(1969・岩崎学術出版社)』

[参照項目] | アダムズ | グループ・ワーク | トインビー | 隣保館

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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