Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel

Japanese: ベッセル - べっせる(英語表記)Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel

German astronomer. A founding father of practical astronomy. Born in Minden near Hanover. The son of a civil servant, he gave up university and became an employee of a trading company in Bremen. He studied mathematics and astronomy, which are the basis of navigation, and in 1804 calculated the orbit of Comet Harry and accurately predicted its return in 1807. As a result, he was recommended by Olbers and became an assistant at the Lilienthal Municipal Observatory. He organized Bradley's star observation records and revised various astronomical constants. In 1810, he was invited to become a professor of astronomy at the University of Königsberg (now the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University) and participated in the construction of the university's astronomical observatory. Upon completion in 1813, he became the director and made it his research base for the rest of his life. In 1817, he invented the Bessel function for the theoretical treatment of the three-body problem, and in 1824 he expanded and completed the function for planetary perturbations. From 1821 to 1833, he led the systematic observation of stars of magnitude 9 or higher between 15 degrees south and 45 degrees north. By incorporating corrections for personal error, instrument error, precession, nutation, and aberration into the observational data, he dramatically improved the accuracy of determining the positions of 75,000 stars. In 1831, he carried out a meridian survey of the eastern Russian region and determined the oblateness of the Earth's ellipsoid to be 1/299. In 1838, using a heliometer, he detected the annual parallax of 0.314 arc seconds for 61 Cygnus, which was the deciding factor for the heliocentric theory and a stepping stone to determining stellar distances. In 1844, he detected the wavy proper motion of Sirius and predicted the presence of an unknown companion star, which was the first white dwarf to be observed 18 years later.

[Shimamura Fukutaro]

[References] | Olbers | Aberration | Stars | Proper motion | Precession | Three-body problem | Nutation | Perturbation |Heliocentric theory | Astronomical constants | Special functions | White dwarf | Comet Harry | Companion star | Bradley

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの天文学者。実地天文学の定礎者。ハノーバー近郊のミンデンに生まれる。公務員の子で、大学をあきらめ、ブレーメンの貿易商社員となる。航海術の基礎である数学と天文学を勉強し、1804年にハリー彗星(すいせい)の軌道を計算し、1807年の回帰を正確に予報した。これによってオルバースの推挙を受け、リリエンタール市立天文台の助手となる。ブラッドリーの恒星観測記録を整理し、各種の天文定数を改新した。1810年ケーニヒスベルク大学(現、イマヌエル・カント・バルト連邦大学)の天文学教授に招かれ、大学付置天文台の建設に参画し、1813年完成と同時に台長に就任し、終生、研究の本拠とした。1817年、三体問題の理論的処理のためベッセル関数を案出し、1824年惑星摂動のため、同関数を拡張完成した。1821年から1833年にかけて、南緯15度より北緯45度にわたる9等星以上の恒星の組織的観測を指導。観測値に個人差、器械差、歳差、章動、光行差などの補正値を計入して、7万5000個の恒星位置の決定に画期的に精度を向上させた。1831年東ロシア地域の子午線測量を遂行して、地球楕円(だえん)体の扁率(へんりつ)を299分の1と定めた。1838年ヘリオメーター(測微角計)を用いて、はくちょう座61番星の年周視差0.314秒角を検出し、地動説の決め手と恒星距離決定の足掛りをつくることに成功。1844年シリウス星の波状固有運動を検出して、未知伴星を予知したが、これこそその18年後に観測定された白色矮星(わいせい)第一号であった。

[島村福太郎]

[参照項目] | オルバース | 光行差 | 恒星 | 固有運動 | 歳差 | 三体問題 | 章動 | 摂動 | 地動説 | 天文定数 | 特殊関数 | 白色矮星 | ハリー彗星 | 伴星 | ブラッドリー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Bessel functions - Bessel functions

>>:  Sir Henry Bessemer

Recommend

Akayukimo - Akayukimo

…They grow in ponds, lakes, rice fields, and pudd...

Aesculus pavia (English spelling) Aesculuspavia

…[Hiroshi Aramata]. … *Some of the terminology th...

Japanese Iris (Iris spp.) - Japanese Iris spp.

A perennial plant of the Iridaceae family, a typic...

"The 71st Anniversary of the Karigane Bun's Death"

...These include the Five Men of Karigane, the Fi...

Abe Moritaro

Year of death: September 6, 1913 Year of birth: No...

Miraculous power - Reigen

It is also called "reiken." It refers t...

Bergregal

...At the heart of mining law is the question of ...

Parrot echo, literary and martial arts - Parrot echo, literary and martial arts

Yellow cover. 3 volumes. Written by Koikawa Haruma...

IGY - Integrative Geometry

《 International Geophysical Year 》⇒International G...

Stabilizing liquid method - Anti-static method

...A continuous wall constructed by excavating a ...

detector

…Generally, a device used to detect minute voltag...

Appert, Nicolas (-François)

Born: circa 1750. Chalon-sur-Marne [Died] June 3, ...

The National Council of Christians in Japan

An organization for the consultation and cooperati...

J. Yeager

…It was published in Germany in the early 16th ce...

Ben no Naishi Diary - Ben no Naishi Diary

Diary literature from the Kamakura period. Two vo...