British inventor. He contributed to the industrial world with many inventions, especially the converter process, which was a method for mass-producing molten steel, and revolutionized the steel industry. Born in Charlton, Hertfordshire, he honed his inventive talents through self-study at his father's type foundry. He moved to London with his father, who had moved the business, and has been an independent inventor ever since. After establishing himself as an inventor with a method for compressing powder to produce pencil leads, which had previously been produced by skilled craftsmen cutting them from graphite blocks, a method for producing pure optical lenses, a method for continuous rolling of glass, and a method for mass-producing bronze powder for paint, he was inspired by the Crimean War that broke out in 1853 to improve the materials used in cannons, and began researching the iron-making process. In the iron-making method up until that point, only small amounts of molten steel were produced using the crucible method, and most malleable iron was semi-molten wrought iron, produced by decarburizing pig iron, which was produced in a molten state in a blast furnace and had a high carbon content, in a refining furnace. As the carbon content of iron decreases, its melting point increases, so the iron in the refining furnace cannot maintain its molten state and becomes semi-molten wrought iron. In this process, the iron was puddled (stirred) with an iron rod to promote decarburization, so the process was called the puddle method. Bessemer attempted to mass-produce molten steel by bringing it to a molten state rather than wrought iron, and succeeded. Moreover, this method did not require the use of fuel. Air was blown into a converter containing molten pig iron from the bottom of the furnace, and the oxygen oxidized and removed the silicon, manganese, and carbon in the molten pig iron, turning it into steel, and the enormous oxidation heat kept the steel in a molten state. The converter process was announced at the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1856, causing a great sensation. Since then, wrought iron has declined, and the age of molten steel has begun. Eight years later, in 1864, the open hearth process, another method of producing molten steel, was industrialized by the Siemens brothers and Martin, and the converter process and the open hearth process became the two major steelmaking methods, constituting the ironmaking technology following the blast furnace process for producing pig iron. After World War II, the pure oxygen converter process was developed, but it all started with Bessemer's invention of using the elements in pig iron as a heat source. [Mamoru Nakazawa] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの発明家。多くの発明で工業界に貢献し、とくに溶鋼の大量生産法である転炉法を発明して、製鉄業に革命をもたらした。ハートフォードシャー州のチャールトンに生まれ、父の経営する活字鋳造所で独学で発明の才を磨いた。事業をロンドンに移した父とともに上京し、以来、独立独歩の発明家としてたった。それまで黒鉛塊(かい)から名人芸で切断製造されていた鉛筆の芯(しん)を粉の圧縮で製造する方法、純粋な光学レンズの製造法、ガラスの連続圧延法、絵の具用青銅粉の大量生産法などで発明家としての地歩を固めたのち、1853年に勃発(ぼっぱつ)したクリミア戦争に刺激されて大砲の材質の改良を志し、製鉄法を研究した。それまでの製鉄法では、溶鋼はるつぼ法で少量生産されるだけで、大部分の可鍛(かたん)性の鉄は、高炉で溶融状態で製造された炭素の多い銑鉄を精錬炉で脱炭して製造される、半溶状の錬鉄であった。鉄は炭素の含有量の減少とともに融点が高くなるので、精錬炉の鉄は溶融状態を維持できなくなり、半溶状の錬鉄となるのである。その際、脱炭を促進するために鉄棒でパドリング(攪拌(かくはん))したのでパドル法とよばれた。ベッセマーは、錬鉄でなく溶融状態にまでもっていって溶鋼として大量生産することに挑戦し成功した。しかもその方法は燃料を使う必要のない方法であった。溶融銑鉄を入れた転炉に空気を炉底から吹き込み、その酸素で溶融銑鉄中のケイ素、マンガン、炭素を酸化除去して鋼に変え、その法外な酸化熱によって鋼を溶融状態に保持するのである。1856年の大英科学振興協会でこの転炉法が発表され、一大センセーションを巻き起こした。以来、錬鉄は衰微してゆき、溶鋼時代が始まった。8年後の1864年にはもう一つの溶鋼製造法である平炉法がシーメンズ兄弟およびマルタンによって工業化され、転炉法と平炉法が二大製鋼法となり、銑鉄製造の高炉法のあとに続く作業として製鉄技術を構成することになった。第二次世界大戦後は純酸素転炉法が開発されたが、すべての出発は銑鉄中の元素を熱源とするベッセマーの発明にあった。 [中沢護人] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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