Alias ​​- Betsumyo

Also called beppu (befu, biyu) or myo (befu name). A form of land system established in the late Heian period. It was first seen in the 1031 (Chogen 4) transfer of Fujiwara no Kami Naka (Heian Ibun no. 4614) from the Temporary Position Fujiwara no Kami Naka. It was a special area established by the kokuga (provincial government office) with a special decree in addition to the old tax collection areas of counties and villages, and the tax collector and method differed from those of counties and villages. In order to maintain the public fields that were falling into disrepair, the kokuga (provincial government office) were established by delegating the right of agricultural promotion to local influential people, who had them cultivate the fields and at the same time undertake to pay the annual tax on the land. It was also known by the other names of shitaji (base land) and tokubun (profitable share). A Shimoji biyemi is a management unit approved by the kokuga as a separate myo (myo) on the premise of development within a certain area. A tokubun biyemi is when a fief is incorporated into the fief management of the surrounding areas, and the lord receives a special tax levy from the kokushi, from which he collects only the tokubun. Also, biyemi and bechi kechige are different. A bechi kechige is when all tax collection for the relevant land is not done by the lord, but solely by the kokuga, and the kokuga hands over a set amount of tokubun to the lord. Alongside biyemi and befu, befu no ho was also established, which is a type of biyemi. In this way, befu were established in various places and later became place names, and Beppu City in Oita Prefecture is a prime example.

[Okuno Nakahiko]

"The Japanese Dynastic State System" by Shozo Sakamoto (1972, University of Tokyo Press) " "Research on the Medieval Rural History of Japan" by Kyohei Oyama (1978, Iwanami Shoten)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

別符（べっぷ、べふ、びゅう）、別符名(みょう)ともいう。平安時代末期に成立した土地制度の一形態。1031年（長元4）の散位藤原守仲(もりなか)譲状(ゆずりじょう)（『平安遺文』4614号）に初見。国衙(こくが)が旧来の徴税領域である郡・郷のほかに特別の符宣をもって成立させた特別区域で、収納主体・収納方法が郡・郷とは相違する。国衙は、荒廃していく公田を維持していくために、在地有力者に国衙のもつ勧農沙汰(さた)権を委譲して荒田を開墾させ、同時にその地の年貢納入を請け負わせたところに成立した。別名には下地(したじ)と得分(とくぶん)の別名がある。下地の別名とは、一定地域内の開発を前提として別個の名(みょう)であることを国衙から承認された経営単位である。得分の別名というのは、所領地が周辺地の所領経営内に包摂されていて、給主は国司の別納徴符を得て、そこからもっぱら得分のみを収取するものをいう。また別名と別結解(べちけちげ)とは異なる。別結解とは、当該田地の徴税いっさいが給主の手によらず、もっぱら国衙の手で行われ、国衙から給主に所定得分が渡るものをいう。別名・別符などと並んで別符の保というものが成立したが、これは別名の一類型。このように、各地に成立した別符で、のち地名化したものがあり、大分県別府市はその代表例である。

［奥野中彦］

『坂本賞三著『日本王朝国家体制論』（1972・東京大学出版会）』▽『大山喬平著『日本中世農村史の研究』（1978・岩波書店）』

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