They are a group that live in the central plateau of Mexico and its surrounding areas, such as the states of Mexico, Puebla, Guerrero, Hidalgo, and Veracruz, and speak Nahuatl, a language belonging to the Uto-Aztec language family. The population is estimated at about 1 million (1960), but the exact figure is unknown due to the increasing interbreeding and the increasing number of bilinguals. Racially, they belong to the South Pacific Indians of the Mongoloid race, with yellowish-brown skin, little body hair, many with double eyelids, a medium nose, and short stature, but with a well-proportioned body. Historically, they migrated from the northwest of Mexico several times (especially around 800 and after the 12th century) to the area around the Basin of Mexico, where present-day Mexico City is located, and are famous for establishing the Toltec Empire (10th to 12th centuries) and the Aztec Empire (around 1372 to 1521). After being conquered by Cortes (1521), they were put in a miserable situation. They are an agricultural people who mainly cultivate corn (eaten as tortillas, a type of bread made from ground corn), beans, and chiles, and today they live in villages far from cities. The degree of "modernization" and economic ties with the outside world vary depending on factors such as transport access to cities. People who move to big cities in search of work find it difficult to cut ties with their birthplace. Traditionally, they were organized into communities called kalpulli (a type of clan), but today, although land (fields) is generally shared, in practice it is assigned to each family and passed down to sons. In terms of religion, they have become Catholic, but there is also a mixture of indigenous beliefs. Since ancient times, they have had a wealth of knowledge about various medicinal plants, and there are specialized healers. Their medical techniques are closely related to traditional magic, but are gradually changing over to Western medicine. Among Mexico's indigenous people, the Nahuatl are particularly exposed to the wave of urbanization and are forced to rely on Spanish for higher education, so in many regions the purity of the Nahuatl language is gradually being lost and they are in the process of being integrated into the "Mexican nation." [Yuji Koike] "Aztec Civilization" by Suester, translated by Chiaki Kano (Hakusuisha, Kuseis-Ju Bunko)" ▽ "Letters from Mexico" by Yuriko Kuronuma (Iwanami Shinsho) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
メキシコの中央高原とその周辺、すなわちメキシコ州、プエブラ州、ゲレロ州、イダルゴ州、ベラクルス州などに住み、ユト・アステカ語族に属するナワトル語を話す集団。人口は約100万人(1960)という推定がなされているが、混血が進行し、またバイリンガル(二言語併用者)も増えているので、正確な数値はわからない。人種的には、モンゴロイドのうちの南太平洋インディアンに属し、肌は黄褐色、体毛は少なく、二重瞼(まぶた)が多く、中鼻で、低身長であるが、体の均整はとれている。歴史的には、メキシコの北西部から数度にわたり(なかでも800年ころと12世紀以降)現メキシコ市のあるメキシコ盆地付近へ移住してきた人々で、トルテカ王国(10~12世紀)やアステカ王国(1372ころ~1521)を築いたことで有名である。コルテスに征服(1521)されて以後、悲惨な境遇に置かれた。トウモロコシ(トルティヤ――トウモロコシを挽(ひ)いたパン――として食べる)、豆、トウガラシ(チレ)を主に栽培する農耕民で、今日では都市から離れた村落に居住する。「近代化」の度合いや外部世界との経済的結び付きは、都市への交通の便などの要因により異なる。大都市に職を求めて移り住む人々も、生まれ故郷との縁はなかなか断ち切れない。伝統的には、カルプルリ(氏族の一種)という共同体に組織されていたが、現在では、土地(畑)は共有が原則であるものの、実質的には、各家族に割り当てられ息子たちに受け継がれてゆく。宗教面では、カトリック化しているが、土着の信仰との混交もみられる。太古から各種の薬草に関する知識が豊富で、専門の祈祷師(きとうし)がおり、彼らの医術は伝統的な呪術(じゅじゅつ)ともかかわりが深いが、西洋医学にかわりつつある。メキシコの先住民のなかでもナワはとくに都会化の波にさらされ、高等教育を受けるにもスペイン語に頼らざるをえないので、多くの地方でナワトル語の純粋さはしだいに失われ、「メキシコ国民」として統合されてゆく過程にある。 [小池佑二] 『スーステル著、狩野千秋訳『アステカ文明』(白水社・文庫クセジュ)』▽『黒沼ユリ子著『メキシコからの手紙』(岩波新書)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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