A type of steelmaking furnace that uses scrap iron and pig iron to make molten steel. It is named after the reverberatory furnace, which has a flat hearth. The regenerative open hearth was invented by the British scientist Siemens, which made it possible to obtain high temperatures of over 1600°C and refine the molten steel. At about the same time, the French scientist Martin and his son attempted to make steel from scrap iron and pig iron (1865). For this reason, the open hearth steelmaking process is also called the Siemens-Martin process. The air-blown converter steelmaking process at the time had various restrictions on the composition of the pig iron, but after the establishment of the open hearth with a basic hearth, dephosphorization became easier and it became possible to refine pig iron with a wide range of compositions. Furthermore, it is possible to freely adjust the mixture ratio of molten pig iron, cold pig iron, and scrap iron, and a wide range of excellent products can be produced, so it became the mainstream steelmaking method, and by 1955 it was producing more than 80% of the world's crude steel. It continued to develop through the expansion of furnace capacity, the adoption of oxygen steelmaking, improvements to combustion burners to improve combustion efficiency, the development of roof and hearth refractories, a reduction in refractory consumption through improvements, and the automation of operations through various measurements, but it was gradually overshadowed by the development and spread of oxygen top-blown converters in the late 1950s, and although it is still in operation in India and in former Soviet Union countries such as Russia and Ukraine, its proportion has dropped dramatically. In 2006, open hearth furnaces accounted for only 2% of the world's crude steel production, and they disappeared from Japan in 1977 (Showa 52). [Iguchi Yasutaka] Type and structureThe capacity of an open hearth furnace is expressed by the amount of steel produced in one refining run, and can range from a few tons to several hundred tons. The time required for one refining run varies depending on the type of steel and raw materials, but it takes several hours, and this low productivity is one of the main reasons why it was overtaken by the pure oxygen top-blown converter. An open hearth furnace is composed of a long, shallow hearth on both sides, gas or heavy oil burners on both ends, several charging inlets at the front, a steel tapping trough at the back, a slag trough, and in some furnaces, a molten iron injection trough, and a regenerator and refractory ceiling at the bottom left and right of the furnace. The charge is heated by the flame and radiation from the ceiling, as well as by oxidation heat caused by oxygen blown in. The combustion air and gas are preheated by passing them through the regenerator, which is sufficiently heated by high-temperature waste gas. The left and right regenerators are used alternately to increase thermal efficiency and combustion efficiency and maintain high temperatures. Depending on the type of refractory material used to construct the furnace, there are acidic open hearth furnaces and basic open hearth furnaces. Acidic open hearth furnaces are constructed entirely of silica bricks, while basic open hearth furnaces are constructed of basic refractory materials such as magnesia, magnesia-chrome, chrome-magnesium bricks, or dolomite. Most open hearth furnaces are basic because they can perform refining such as dephosphorization. There are two types of open hearth furnaces: fixed and tilting. Fixed open hearth furnaces are inexpensive to build and cause less wear and tear on refractories. With tilting open hearth furnaces, the slag generated during dephosphorization and other processes is dumped by tilting the furnace, but this is not suitable for producing slag to produce high-quality steel, making it disadvantageous for refining operations. [Iguchi Yasutaka] ©Shogakukan "> Open hearth furnace structure Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
くず鉄や銑鉄(せんてつ)を原料として溶鋼をつくる製鋼炉の一種。平らな炉床をもつ反射炉の一種であるのでこの名がある。イギリスのシーメンズにより蓄熱式平炉が考案され、1600℃以上の高温が得られるようになり溶融状態での精錬が可能になった。ほぼ同時期にフランスのマルタン親子により、くず鉄、銑鉄による製鋼が試みられた(1865)。このため平炉製鋼法をシーメンズ‐マルタン法ともよぶ。当時の空気吹きの転炉製鋼法では銑鉄の成分に各種の制約があったが、塩基性炉床の平炉が確立されてからは脱リンも容易になり、幅広い組成の銑鉄の精錬が可能になった。さらに溶銑、冷銑、くず鉄の配合割合を自由に調節することが可能で、広範で優れた成品品種の生産ができるため製鋼法の主流を占めるようになり、1955年には世界の粗鋼の80%以上を生産するようになった。炉容量の拡大、酸素製鋼の採用、燃焼バーナーなどの改良による燃焼効率の向上、天井、炉床耐火物の開発、改良による耐火物原単位の減少、さらに各種計測による操業の自動化などにより発展を続けたが、1950年代後半の酸素上吹転炉の開発、普及によりしだいに押され、ロシア、ウクライナなどの旧ソ連地域とインドでは操業されているもののその割合は激減した。2006年では、世界の粗鋼生産量のうち、平炉によるものは2%にすぎず、日本では1977年(昭和52)に姿を消した。 [井口泰孝] 種類・構造平炉の容量は1回の精錬による出鋼量で表し、数トンから数百トンのものがある。1回の精錬に要する時間は鋼種、原料により異なるが数時間を要し、この生産性の低さが純酸素上吹転炉に押された一つの大きな原因である。平炉は左右に長く浅い炉床、両端にガスあるいは重油バーナー、前面に数個の装入口、背面に出鋼樋(とい)、排滓(はいさい)樋、炉によっては溶銑注入樋、炉の左右下部に蓄熱室および耐火物製の天井より構成されている。装入物は火炎および天井よりの放射、さらに酸素の吹き込みによる酸化熱により加熱される。高温の廃ガスによって十分に加熱された蓄熱室を通すことにより燃焼用空気およびガスが予熱される。左右の蓄熱室を交互に用い、熱効率および燃焼効率を高め高温を維持する。 炉を築造する耐火物の種類により酸性平炉と塩基性平炉とがある。酸性平炉は炉体全部が珪石(けいせき)れんがで築かれ、塩基性平炉はマグネシア、マグクロ、クロマグれんがあるいはドロマイトなどの塩基性耐火材で築かれる。塩基性平炉では脱リンなどの精錬が行えるため大部分の平炉が塩基性である。 平炉には固定式と傾注式平炉がある。固定式は建設費が安く耐火物などの損耗も少ない。傾注式では脱リンなどにより生成したスラグを炉をいったん傾けて排滓するので、さらに適当なスラグをつくり良質の鋼を製造することができず、精錬作業には不利である。 [井口泰孝] ©Shogakukan"> 平炉の構造 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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