A city in the southwest of the Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine. Population 342,000 (2001). It is the base of the former Soviet Black Sea Fleet, the terminus of the railway from Moscow, and the starting point of the road to various parts of Crimea, making it a strategic and transportation important location. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia and Ukraine were at odds over the ownership of the Black Sea Fleet and Sevastopol, but in June 1996 it was decided that the Black Sea Fleet would be divided between the two countries, and in May 1997 Ukraine agreed to lease the Black Sea Fleet base in Sevastopol to Russia for 20 years, finally resolving the issue (Sochi Agreement). In addition to the naval shipyard, there are factories for ship repair, machine assembly, and seafood processing. The Chersonese Peninsula, which juts out into the Black Sea to the west, is to the south, and the Crimean Mountains are to the southeast. It has a good port with the mouth of the Chernaya River and Sevastopol Bay to the north. The peninsula is home to the ruins of the ancient Greek colony of Chersonesus, and the city's name comes from the ancient Greek word for "sacred city." It has earned the title of "hero city" due to the fact that two famous battles in history took place here. There are many memorials to these battles. A memorial and mausoleum for the fallen soldiers can be found on top of Malakhov Kurgan Hill, and within the city there is the Memorial to the Defence of Crimea 1854-55, which commemorates the Crimean War, a diorama of the May 1944 counterattack, a naval museum commemorating the Black Sea Fleet, and two theatres. [Kazuo Watanabe and Tsuguo Tonokawa] historyAfter annexing the Crimean Khanate, the Russian government built a fortress and port here in 1783, and the port has been used as a naval base since imperial times. From 1854 to 1855, Russian troops barricaded themselves here during the Crimean War and launched a courageous defensive battle against the allied forces of Britain and France. Tolstoy, who served in the war as an officer cadet, wrote about his experiences there in his novel "Tales of Sevastopol." During World War II, from 1941 to 1942, the Soviet army also fought a second "Defence of Sevastopol" against the German army. After this battle, the town was occupied by German forces from July 1942 to May 1944, but was rebuilt after the war. [Tsuguo Tonokawa] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ウクライナのクリミア半島南西部にある都市。人口34万2000(2001)。旧ソ連黒海艦隊の根拠地で、モスクワからの鉄道の終点であり、クリミア各地への自動車道路の基点であるなど、戦略・交通上の要地。また、ソ連崩壊後、黒海艦隊とセバストポリの帰属をめぐって、ロシアとウクライナは対立していたが、96年6月黒海艦隊を両国で二分することが決まり、さらに97年5月ウクライナがセバストポリにある黒海艦隊基地を20年間ロシアに貸すことに合意して、最終的に解決した(ソチ協定)。海軍工廠(こうしょう)のほか、船舶修理、機械組立て、水産加工などの工場がある。西に向かって黒海に突き出たヘルソネス半島が南にあり、クリミア山脈を南東に背負い、チョールナヤ川の河口とセバストポリ湾を北に控えた良港を有する。半島には古代ギリシア植民都市ヘルソネスの遺跡があり、市名も古代ギリシア語の「神聖な都市」から発生した。二度にわたって史上有名な攻防戦が行われたことにより、「英雄都市」の称号を得ている。攻防戦の記念物も多い。マラホフ・クルガンの丘の上には戦没者記念碑と廟(びょう)があり、市内には、クリミア戦争を記念する1854~55年クリミア防衛記念館、1944年5月の反攻ジオラマ館、黒海艦隊を記念する海軍博物館のほか、二つの劇場などが置かれている。 [渡辺一夫・外川継男] 歴史クリミア・ハン国併合後、ロシア政府は1783年ここに要塞(ようさい)兼港を建設し、港は帝政時代から海軍の基地として使用されてきた。1854~55年、クリミア戦争中にここに立てこもったロシア軍はイギリス・フランスの連合軍に果敢な防衛戦を展開し、士官候補生として参戦したトルストイはそのときの経験を作品『セバストポリ物語』に仕上げた。第二次世界大戦中の1941~42年にも、ソ連軍はドイツ軍を相手に二度目の「セバストポリの防衛戦」を行った。この戦闘のあと、町は42年7月から44年5月までドイツ軍に占領されたが、戦後復興した。 [外川継男] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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