Par value

Japanese: 平価 - へいか(英語表記)par value
Par value

The exchange rate between a currency and a common standard of value, such as gold or a foreign currency with a certain gold content (such as the US dollar) or the European common currency unit ECU, is called parity. Furthermore, the exchange rate between each country's currency, which is indirectly calculated from the exchange rate, is called exchange parity, but these are also generally referred to as parity.

Under the gold standard before World War II, gold parities were set by pegging them to a certain amount of gold. After the war, under the old IMF system, IMF parities were set against gold or the US dollar (1 ounce of pure gold = $35). Similarly, under the EMS (European Monetary System), a central rate was set against the common currency, the ECU, from which exchange parities between member currencies were calculated.

The concept of parity has receded since major countries shifted to floating exchange rate systems in 1973. However, there are still a considerable number of countries, mainly developing countries, that are seeking to stabilize their own currencies by setting parities against the U.S. dollar, the euro, the SDR, or an independent currency basket.

Incidentally, parity also includes the meaning of the ideal value of a country's currency (equilibrium exchange rate), and even today, under a floating exchange rate system, it is used as the equilibrium and theoretical value of exchange rates, such as purchasing power parity and interest rate parity. In other words, the theory asserts that the equilibrium exchange rate is determined by purchasing power parity, which is the ratio of the purchasing power of each country's currency (in other words, the price level), and that the spread between the spot and futures rates of each country's currency is determined to be approximately equal to the interest rate differential between the countries (interest rate parity theory).

[Seiichi Nakajo]

[Reference] | SDR | Purchasing power parity theory | Parity adjustment

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

各国が通貨の対外価値を示すために定めた、金や一定の金量目を有する外貨(たとえば米ドル)、あるいはヨーロッパの共通通貨単位ECU(エキュ)といった共通の価値基準との交換比率を平価という。さらに、そこから間接的に計算される各国通貨間の交換比率を為替(かわせ)平価(parity)というが、一般にはこれも含めて平価とよんでいる。

 第二次世界大戦前の金本位制の下では、一定量の金と結びつけることで、金平価が設定された。戦後の旧IMF体制においては、金または米ドル(純金1オンス=35ドル)に対して設定し、IMF平価が定められた。同様に、EMS(ヨーロッパ通貨制度)の下では、共通通貨であるECUに対してセントラル・レートである平価が設定され、そこから参加国通貨間の為替平価が計算された。

 1973年に、主要国が変動為替相場制に移行して以来、平価概念は後退した。しかし、開発途上国を中心に、現在でも米ドル、ユーロ、SDR、独自の通貨バスケットに対する平価を設定し、自国通貨の安定を図っている国は相当数に上る。

 なお、平価にはその国の通貨のあるべき価値(均衡為替相場)という意味も含まれており、変動為替相場制の今日も、購買力平価、金利平価という為替相場の均衡値、理論値として使用されている。すなわち、均衡為替相場は各国の通貨の購買力(裏返せば、物価水準)の比率である購買力平価によって決まるという主張(購買力平価説)、各国の通貨の直物相場と先物相場の開きは、各国間の金利差にほぼ等しくなるように決まるという主張(金利平価説)である。

[中條誠一]

[参照項目] | SDR | 購買力平価説 | 平価調整

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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