Bungo Province

The former name of the province that occupies most of the current Oita Prefecture. The first historical record shows that Bungo Province offered vermilion in the entry for the second year of Emperor Monmu's reign (698). In ancient times there was Toyokuni, which is said to have split into Buzen and Bungo at the end of the 7th century, but this is unclear. In the Engishiki (Completed in 927), it was in Saikaido and was called Kamikuni. There were eight counties: Oita, Kunisaki, Hayami, Amabe, Ono, Naoiri, Hita, and Kusu. The provincial capital was in Oita County, and is believed to be the current Furugoo area of ​​Oita City, but no remains have been confirmed. The Kokubun Soji Temple is located in Kokubun, Oita City, but the Kokubun Nunnery Temple has not yet been discovered. The Ichinomiya of Bungo is Yuhara Hachimangu (Kasahara Hachimangu), and the Shikinaisha (shrines listed in the Engishiki) include Sasamuta Shrine and five other shrines. During the Heian period, the Rokugo Manzan culture linked to the faith of Usa Jingu Shrine in Fuki (Fuki) in Kunisaki County, and Buddhist culture centered on rock-carved stone Buddha statues developed in various places such as Usuki, the Ono River basin, and Kunisaki.

In 1185 (Bun'ei 1), it became a separate province of the Kanto region, and later Otomo Yoshinao became its shugo (military governor). The third lord, Yoritsune, took the opportunity of diplomacy with Mongolia to go down to Bungo as the Chinzei unilateral magistrate, and established a shugosho (military governor's office) in Fuchu Takakoku-fu (Oita City). From Yoshinao onwards, illegitimate children were adopted by local people and settled in the area. During the Nanboku-cho civil war, it became a base for the Northern Court. During this time, the Otomo clan grew into a shugo daimyo, and along with the Ouchi clan, it became a powerful shugo daimyo in the west. The country itself was in a state of turmoil as a result of internal struggles for the family succession, but from the time of the 18th lord, Chikaharu, it became a warring daimyo, and the 19th lord, Yoshinaga, issued the "Jo-jo," which could be called a household law, and strengthened control over vassals and military police. Yoshishige (Otomo Sorin), the 21st head of the family, gained control of the six provinces of Kyushu and reigned as a Christian feudal lord. Bungo Fuchu became a base for trade with the West, and orphanages, hospitals, and churches were built there. It became a center for Christian missionary work, and Christians spread throughout the country, including Kutami in Naoiri County, Notsuin, Hayamiin, and Yufuin in Ono County. Since 1578 (Tensho 6), there has been hostility with the Shimazu clan, and in 1586 and 1587, the Satsuma army invaded, burning down Fuchu and Sorin's retirement castle, Usuki Nyujima Castle. The matter was settled when Toyotomi Hideyoshi stepped up to the plate, but the 22nd lord, Otomo Yoshimune (Yoshimune), was only granted control of Bungo province, and in 92 (Bunroku 1), he sent troops to Korea by order of Hideyoshi, but was found guilty and expelled the following year in 93, and Bungo became the Taiko's Treasury. In 93, Hideyoshi conducted a land survey of the "Five Kinai Dozen" with Yamaguchi Munenaga and Miyabe Keijun as land survey magistrates, and established treasury territories with daimyo territories and magistrates, such as Nakagawa Hidenari in Oka (Takeda).

After the Battle of Sekigahara, Inaba Sadamichi entered Usuki, Mori Takamasa entered Saeki, Kinoshita Nobutoshi entered Hiji, and Kurushima Yasuchika entered Mori. Matsudaira Hidechika entered Kitsuki in 1645 (Shoho 2), and after many changes of lord, Matsudaira Tadaaki entered Funai in 1658 (Manji 1), and the area became a fudai daimyo territory. In 1601 (Keicho 6), the Higo Kumamoto Domain was established under Kato Kiyomasa (later the Hosokawa clan), in 1669 (Kanbun 9), the Hizen Shimabara Domain was established under Matsudaira Tadafusa (which became the Toda clan for a time), and in 1713 (Shotoku 3), the Hyuga Nobeoka Domain was established under Makino Narinaka (later the Naito clan). The Shogunate's territory, centered on Hita and Kusu districts, became a domain for a time, but from 1686 (Jokyo 3), it was maintained as Shogunate territory, and the Hita magistrate's office (later the Saigoku district magistrate's office, also known as the Nagayama Nunomasadosho) became the center of Shogunate control over Kyushu, and Hita culture flourished in the Hita region, centered on the towns of Mameda and Kuma, with Hirose Tanso at its apex. A wave of rebellions broke out in the Oka Domain in 1811 (Bunka 8), spreading from almost all of Bungo to Buzen between the end of that year and the beginning of 1812, shaking the "separation of small domains" system. In leap April 1868 (Keio 4), the shogunate territory became Hita Prefecture, and with the abolition of the domains and establishment of prefectures in July 1871, eight prefectures - Oka, Usuki, Kitsuki, Hiji, Funai, Saiki, Mori, and Hita - were established in Bungo, as well as the territories of Shimabara and Kumamoto Prefectures, but in November of the same year they were incorporated into Oita Prefecture.

[Kanzo Toyoda]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

現在の大分県の大部分を占める地域の旧国名。『続日本紀(しょくにほんぎ)』文武(もんむ)天皇2年（698）条に豊後国真朱(しんしゅ)を献ずとあるのが史料上の初見。古くは豊国(とよくに)があり、それが7世紀末に豊前(ぶぜん)・豊後に分かれたとするが不詳。『延喜式(えんぎしき)』（927成）では西海道(さいかいどう)にあり上国。郡は大分(おおいた)、国東(くにさき)、速見(はやみ)、海部(あまべ)、大野、直入(なおいり)、日田(ひた)、玖珠(くす)の8郡。国府は大分郡にあり、現在の大分市古国府(ふるごお)地区に比定されるが遺構は未確認。国分僧寺は大分市国分に所在するが、国分尼寺は未発見。豊後一宮(いちのみや)は由原八幡宮(ゆすはらはちまんぐう)（柞原八幡宮）、式内社(しきないしゃ)としては西寒多(ささむた)神社のほか5社。平安時代には国東郡富貴（蕗）(ふき)など宇佐神宮信仰と結び付いた六郷満山文化、臼杵(うすき)・大野川流域・国東など各地に磨崖(まがい)石仏を中心とする仏教文化が展開した。

　1185年（文治1）には関東御分国となるが、のち大友能直(よしなお)が守護となり、3代頼泰(よりやす)は、対蒙古(もうこ)外交を機に鎮西(ちんぜい)一方奉行(ぶぎょう)として豊後に下向、府中高国府(ふちゅうたかごお)（大分市）に守護所を設置。能直以来、庶子は在地の国人と養子縁組などをして土着する。南北朝内乱時には北朝方の拠点となる。この間に、大友氏は守護大名へと成長を遂げ、大内氏と並んで西国の有力守護大名となる。大友氏内部の家督争いのなかで国内も争乱状態となるが、18代親治(ちかはる)のころから戦国大名化し、19代義長は家内法ともいうべき「条々」を発し、家臣団統制・軍事警察の強化を行う。21代家督となった義鎮(よししげ)（大友宗麟(そうりん)）は、九州6か国の守護を手中に収め、キリシタン大名として君臨する。豊後府中は南蛮貿易の拠点となり、育児院・病院・教会堂が建てられ、キリスト教布教の中心となり、直入郡朽網(くたみ)、大野郡野津院(のついん)・速見院・由布院(ゆふいん)など国内各地にもキリスト教徒が分布した。1578年（天正6）以来、島津氏との反目が続き、86、87年には薩摩(さつま)軍が侵入し、府中や宗麟の隠居城臼杵丹生島(うすきにゅうじま)城も焼き払われた。豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉の出馬により落着をみたが、22代大友義統(よしむね)（吉統）は、豊後一国のみを安堵(あんど)されることとなり、92年（文禄1）秀吉の命により朝鮮に出兵するが、咎(とが)ありとして翌93年除国され、豊後は太閤蔵入地(たいこうくらいりち)となる。93年秀吉は、山口宗永・宮部継潤(けいじゅん)を検地奉行として「五畿内(ごきない)同前」の検地を実施し、岡（竹田）に中川秀成を配するなど大名領と代官が配された蔵入地が置かれた。

　関ヶ原の戦い後、臼杵に稲葉貞通(さだみち)、佐伯に毛利高政、日出(ひじ)に木下延俊、森に来島(くるしま)（久留島）康親が入部した。杵築には1645年（正保2）に松平英親が、府内にはたび重なる領主交替を経て1658年（万治1）松平忠昭が入り、譜代(ふだい)大名領となった。1601年（慶長6）からは肥後熊本藩加藤清正(きよまさ)（のち細川氏）領が、1669年（寛文9）からは肥前島原藩松平忠房（一時期、戸田氏領となる）領が、1713年（正徳3）からは日向(ひゅうが)延岡(のべおか)藩牧野成央(なりなか)（のち内藤氏）領が成立し、七つの小藩と他国領が存在した。日田・玖珠郡を中心に置かれた幕府領は、一時期藩領となるが、1686年（貞享3）からは幕府領として維持され、日田に置かれた代官所（のち西国郡代役所、永山布政所ともいう）が九州一円の幕領支配の中心となり、豆田(まめだ)・隈(くま)両町を中心とする日田地方には広瀬淡窓(たんそう)を頂点とする日田文化が開花した。1811年（文化8）岡藩に勃発(ぼっぱつ)した一揆(いっき)の波は、同年末から12年初めにかけて豊後のほぼ全域から豊前にまで及び、「小藩分立」体制を揺るがした。1868年（慶応4）閏(うるう)4月、幕府領は日田県となり、71年7月の廃藩置県によって豊後には岡、臼杵、杵築、日出、府内、佐伯、森、日田の8県と島原・熊本県領が成立したが、同年11月に大分県に編入された。

［豊田寛三］

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