Wrocław is the central city of the Lower Silesian region in southwest Poland. It is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. With a population of 633,857 (2000), it is the fourth largest city in Poland after the capital Warsaw, Łódź, and Krakow. Its German name is Breslau. The urban area has developed on both sides of the middle reaches of the Odra River. It is a large industrial city, with thriving industries in the machinery industry (where half of the industrial workers in Wrocław are employed), food processing, non-ferrous metals, printing, building materials, chemical fertilizers, detergents, synthetic fibers, and wood processing. In particular, it produces 40% of Poland's passenger cars, as well as large generators, motors, home refrigerators, and washing machines. In the electronics and precision machinery industries, it is also home to Poland's largest computer and desktop calculator assembly plants. With fertile grain-producing areas in its hinterland, it is also a distribution center for agricultural products. After World War II, farmers who returned from the eastern regions ceded to the Soviet Union obtained farmland in the former Wroclaw Voivodeship, which was the "recovered Polish territory" from Germany. It is a transportation hub with many railways and roads radiating out, and international trains run through it, there is an airport, and a river port on the Odra River. It is also a center of science and culture second only to Warsaw and Krakow, with eight universities including the University of Wroclaw, industrial, medical, agricultural, and economic universities, branches of the Academy of Sciences, various research institutes, publishing companies, and many theaters (pantomime theaters, experimental theaters, acting academies, etc.), and is also known for musical activities such as the contemporary music festival and organ music festival. Remaining in the city are the 13th century Gothic-style town hall, the cathedral (rebuilt in 1951), and the 17th century nobleman's mansion. [Shigeru Yamamoto] historyA fortress was built around the 10th century, a bishopric was established in 1000, and academic and artistic activities flourished from the 12th century, as well as commerce and textile industries. In 1229, a city law was enacted. From 990, it was under the control of the Piast dynasty, but from 1335 it came under the control of the Czechs, from 1526 the Habsburgs, and from 1741 Prussia. In 1702, a university was established. From 1848 to 1849, it became the center of the revolutionary movement of Polish people in the Silesian region, and the first workers' organization was formed. From the mid-19th century, industrialization progressed rapidly, and the labor movement became active in the early 20th century. During World War II, underground activities by Polish people against Nazi Germany were carried out, and many Poles were oppressed by the Gestapo. From February 1945, the Soviet army surrounded the city, and it was liberated in May of the same year. During the war, 70% of the city was destroyed and many civilians were killed or injured. After the war, it was returned to Poland (1945). [Ichiro Abe] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ポーランド南西部、下シロンスク(シュレージエン)地方の中心都市。ドルノシロンスク県の県都。人口63万3857(2000)で、首都ワルシャワ、ウージ、クラクフに次ぐポーランド第四の大都市。ドイツ語名ブレスラウBreslau。オドラ(オーデル)川中流の両岸に市街地が発達する。大工業都市で、機械工業(ブロツワフ市の工業従業者の半数が従事)をはじめ、食品加工、非鉄金属、印刷、建築資材、化学肥料、洗剤、合成繊維、木材加工などの工業が盛んである。とくに輸送機械ではポーランドの客車製造の40%を生産し、大型発電機やモーター、家庭用冷蔵庫、洗濯機も生産している。エレクトロニクス工業や精密機械工業では、ポーランド最大のコンピュータや卓上計算機の組立て工場も立地する。 また肥沃(ひよく)な穀倉地帯を後背地にもち、農産物の集散地でもある。第二次世界大戦後、ソ連に割譲した東方の地区から引き揚げてきた農民が、ドイツから「回復したポーランド領」である旧ブロツワフ県に農地を得た。多数の鉄道、道路が放射状に発する交通上の結節点で、国際列車が通り、空港もあり、オドラ川には河港をもつ。さらに、ワルシャワ、クラクフに次ぐ科学と文化の中心地でもあり、ブロツワフ大学、工業、医学、農業、経済など八つの大学、科学アカデミーの支部、各種研究所、出版社があり、劇場(パントマイム劇場、実験劇場、俳優学院など)も多く、現代音楽祭、オルガン音楽祭などの音楽活動でも知られている。13世紀、ゴシック様式の市庁舎、大聖堂(1951再建)、17世紀の貴族の館などが残る。 [山本 茂] 歴史10世紀ごろに城塞(じょうさい)ができ、1000年に司教座が置かれ、12世紀からは学問・芸術活動が盛んになり、商業、織物業も発達した。1229年には都市法が制定された。990年からピアスト王朝の支配下に置かれていたが、1335年からはチェコ人の、1526年からはハプスブルク家の、1741年からはプロイセンの支配下に置かれた。1702年には大学が設立された。1848~49年シロンスク地方のポーランド人の革命運動の中心となり、最初の労働者の組織ができた。また19世紀中ごろから急速に産業化が進み、20世紀初頭には労働運動が活発になった。第二次世界大戦中は、ナチス・ドイツに対してポーランド人の地下活動が展開され、多くのポーランド人がゲシュタポによって弾圧された。1945年2月からソ連軍が市を包囲し、同年5月に解放された。戦争によって市の70%が破壊され、多数の市民が死傷した。戦後、ポーランドに復帰した(1945)。 [安部一郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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