An artificial language used to express calculations performed by a computer in a language as human-like as possible. There are procedural languages (such as FORTRAN and C) that describe the procedures to be executed by the computer in sequence, functional languages (such as LISP) that calculate and update variables as functions of other variables, logic languages (such as PROLOG) that describe the logical relationships between variables, and object-oriented languages (such as Java). Languages that are easy for humans to imagine and program have been created according to the model of calculation. On the other hand, machine language is used to directly control hardware. Assembly language is used to write the entire program by associating binary (0 and 1) machine language with easy-to-remember symbols, expressing a series of processes (such as input and output) as simple symbols or names, and combining them. High-level languages (also called compiler languages) allow for expressions that are even closer to humans (such as mathematical expressions). A compiler translates a source program expressed in a high-level language into an object program (machine language, or an intermediate language close to it), and executes it quickly at run time. An interpreter is software that translates source programs as it executes them, allowing for flexible processing but at the same time slow processing speed. (Riki Hoshino, Professor Emeritus, University of Tsukuba / 2007) Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo |
コンピューターで実行される計算を、なるべく人間に近い言語で表現するために用いられる人工言語。コンピューターが順次実行するべき手続きを記述する手続き型言語(FORTRANやCなど)、変数の関数として別の変数を計算し更新する関数型言語(LISPなど)、変数の間に成り立つ論理関係を記述する論理型言語(PROLOGなど)、オブジェクト指向言語(Javaなど)などがある。計算のモデルに応じて、人間がイメージし、プログラムしやすい言語が作られた。一方、ハードウエアを直接制御するのが機械語。2進(0と1)の機械語を覚えやすい記号に対応させ、一連の処理(例えば入出力)をまとめて簡単な記号や名前で表現し、それらを組み合わせて全体のプログラムを書くのがアセンブリ言語。さらに人間に近いイメージで(例えば数学的な式)表現することを許すのが高水準言語(コンパイラ言語ともいう)。コンパイラは、高水準言語で表現されたソースプログラムをオブジェクトプログラム(機械語、またはそれに近い段階の中間言語)に翻訳し、実行時にはそれを高速に実行する。インタープリターは、ソースプログラムを逐一翻訳しながら実行するソフトウエアで、柔軟な処理が可能となるが、処理速度は遅い。
(星野力 筑波大学名誉教授 / 2007年) 出典 (株)朝日新聞出版発行「知恵蔵」知恵蔵について 情報 |
<<: Program (English spelling) program; computer program
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