A program is a set of instructions written in a programming language for the processing steps (algorithms) that a computer executes. While electrical circuits and other devices are called hardware, programs constitute software. In the late 1940s, American mathematician John von Neumann conceived of a system in which programs could be stored in a computer's memory (→ von Neumann computer), which enabled a wide variety of processing. The world's first stored-program computer was the EDVAC; Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, built in 1949. Programs are written in programming languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, and PASCAL, and are translated into object programs in machine language by language processing systems such as assemblers, compilers, and interpreters, and then executed. Computers are equipped with a variety of programs according to their intended use, but the operating system (OS) is the program that manages and controls the devices and elements necessary for basic operation and other programs. program |
コンピュータが実行する処理手順(アルゴリズム)の指示を,プログラム言語によって記述したもの。電気回路などの機器がハードウエアと呼ばれるのに対し,プログラムはソフトウエアを構成する。1940年代後半にアメリカ合衆国の数学者ジョン・フォン・ノイマンが,コンピュータの記憶装置にプログラムを内蔵することを構想し(→ノイマン型コンピュータ),これによって多様な処理が実現した。世界初のプログラム内蔵型コンピュータは,1949年に構築された EDVAC; Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computerである。プログラムはコボル,フォートラン,BASIC,Pascalなどのプログラム言語によって記述され,アセンブラやコンパイラ,インタープリタなどの言語処理系によって機械語のオブジェクトプログラムに翻訳され,実行される。コンピュータは利用目的に応じた多種のプログラムを備えるが,基本的な動作に必要な装置や要素とほかのプログラムを管理し制御するプログラムがオペレーティングシステム OSである。
プログラム
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